Synergistic Effects of Polybenzimidazole and Aramide on Enhancing Flame-Retardancy and Solubility

Aromatic and functional polymers with processibility derived from biobased starting materials are prerequisite considering sustainable society. Poly(2,5-benzimidazole)s are rigid-rod polymers to show ultrahigh thermal stability such as flame retardance, while usually suffer from poor solubility. Here, poly(benzimidazole-co-amide)s are synthesized from two biobased monomers, 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid and a semirigid comonomer, 4-aminohydrocinnamic acid. The copolymers with an amide composition of 80 mol% and higher are soluble in widely used polar solvents to fabricate the films keeping high flame retardance, which is comparable with popular high-performance polymers such as aromatic polyimides, polyetheretherketone, polyphenylene sulfide, etc.     

A numerical study on the combustion limits of mesoscale methane jet flames with hydrogen addition

A meso-scale jet flame model was established for the flame ports of domestic gas stoves. The influences of hydrogen addition ratio (β = 0%–25%) on the combustion limits were explored. The results show that with the increase of hydrogen addition ratio, the blow-off limit increases obviously, while the extinction limit decreases slightly, namely, the combustible range expands significantly. Quantitative analysis was carried out in terms of chemical effect and thermal effect. It was found that hydrogen addition will reduce O₂ fraction in the pre-mixture for a constant equivalence ratio. Under near-extinction limit condition, since the flame is located at the nozzle exit, the external O₂ cannot be entrained into or diffuse into the upstream of the flame, which leads to the decrease of reaction rate. However, for the near-blow-off cases, the external O₂ can be entrained and diffuse into the flame, which compensates the difference of O₂ content in the pre-mixture. Therefore, the combustion reaction is enhanced by hydrogen addition because more H radicals can be produced. In addition, as the flame is located closer to the tube with the increase of hydrogen addition ratio, heat transfer between flame and tube wall is augmented and the preheating of fresh mixture is strengthened by the inner tube wall. This heat recirculation effect becomes especially notable in low velocity cases. In conclusion, the extension of extinction limit by hydrogen addition is attributed to the thermal effect, while the increase of blow-off limit is mainly due to the intensification of chemical effect.     

水浴振荡碱消解-火焰原子吸收法测定土壤中六价铬

建立了水浴振荡碱消解-火焰原子吸收法测定土壤中的六价铬的方法。称取经风干、研磨并过0.15 mm孔径筛的土壤样品2.0 g(精确至0.01 g)置于150 mL锥形瓶中,加入25.0 mL碱性提取溶液,再加入400 mg氯化镁和0.5 mL磷酸氢二钾-磷酸二氢钾缓冲溶液,用聚乙稀薄膜封口,置于水浴恒温振荡器中。常温振荡样品5 min后,开启加热装置,加热水浴振荡至90～95℃,保持90 min。取下,冷却至室温。过滤,用硝酸调节溶液pH至7.5±0.5,将此溶液定容至50 mL容量瓶中,摇匀,待测。该方法采用水浴振荡碱消解的前处理方式进行土壤中六价铬的全消解,代替了磁力搅拌加热方式的消解,优化了前处理条件,简化了试验步骤,节约了分析测试时间,提高了分析效率,此方法还有利于处理大批量土壤样品。探讨了样品前处理提取温度的优化选择、氯化镁加入量的研究优化、提取时间的优化选择、pH值的优化以及三价铬干扰试验的影响。确认了最优化的仪器条件,对六价铬做了线性范围测试,曲线相关系数均在0.999以上。依据HJ 168—2020方法做了检出限,六价铬的检出限为0.5 mg/kg,以4倍检出限做测定下限,则测定下限为2.0 mg/kg。(取样量为2.0 g,定容体积为50 mL)。选取GBW(E)07251—255系列标准物质进行测试试验,试验结果的精密度和准确度均可满足土壤环境监测技术规范的要求。     

Experimental study on the propagation characteristics of hydrogen/methane/air premixed flames in a narrow channel

This work is focused on the explosion characteristics of premixed gas containing different volume fractions of hydrogen in a narrow channel (1000 mm × 50 mm × 10 mm) under the circumstance of stoichiometric ratio. The ignition positions were set in the closed end and the middle of the pipeline respectively. The results showed that when the gas was ignited at the pipeline closed end, the propagating flame was tulip structure for different premixed gas. When the hydrogen volume fraction was less than 40%, the flame propagation speed increased significantly with the rise of hydrogen volume fraction, and the overpressure peak also appeared obviously in advance. However, when the volume fraction of hydrogen was more than 40%, the increase of flame propagation speed and the overpressure peak occurrence time varied slightly. Furthermore, when the ignition position was placed in the middle of the pipeline, the flame propagation speed propagating to the opening end was much faster than that propagating to the closing end, and there was no tulip shape when the flame propagates to the opening end. The flame propagating to the closed end appeared tulip shape under the influence of airflow, and high-frequency flame oscillation occurred during the propagation. This work shows that the hydrogen volume fraction and ignition position significantly affected the flame structure, flame front speed, and explosion overpressure.     

不同消解方法对土壤中铜锌测定的影响

采用微波消解法和石墨消解法对土壤样品进行预处理,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中铜和锌的含量。对3个土壤标准物质(GSS-17、GSS-30、GSS-34)的精密度和准确度进行了分析,结果表明:微波消解法和石墨消解法的检出限、精密度和准确度均能满足土壤检测的要求,石墨消解法相对于微波消解法更加便捷,具有很好的精密度和准确度。     

Chemical exposures from upholstered furniture with various flame retardant technologies

Upholstered furniture is often manufactured with polyurethane foam (PUF) containing flame retardants (FRs) to prevent the risk of a fire and/or to meet flammability regulations, however, exposure to certain FRs and other chemicals have been linked to adverse health effects. This study developed a new methodology for evaluating volatile organic compound (VOC) and FR exposures to users of upholstered furniture by simulating use of a chair in a controlled exposure chamber and assessing the health significance of measured chemical exposure. Chairs with different fire-resistant technologies were evaluated for VOC and FR exposures via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact exposure routes. Data show that VOC exposure levels are lower than threshold levels defined by the US and global indoor air criteria. Brominated FRs were not detected from the studied chairs. The organophosphate FRs added to PUF were released into the surrounding air (0.4 ng/m³) and as dust (16 ng/m²). Exposure modeling showed that adults are exposed to FRs released from upholstered furniture mostly by dermal contact and children are exposed via dermal and ingestion exposure. Children are most susceptible to FR exposure/dose (2 times higher average daily dose than adults) due to their frequent hand to mouth contact.     

Flame characteristics of premixed H2-air mixtures explosion venting in a spherical container through a duct

The explosion venting duct can effectively reduce the hazard degree of a gas explosion and conduct the venting energy to the safe area. To investigate the flame quantitative propagation law of explosion venting with a duct, the effects of hydrogen fraction and explosion venting duct length on jet flame propagation characteristics of premixed H₂-air mixtures were analyzed through experiment and simulation. The experiment results under initial conditions of room temperature and 1 atm show that when hydrogen fraction was high enough, part of the unburned hydrogen was mixed with air again to reach an ignitable concentration, resulting in the secondary combustion was easier produced and the duration of the secondary flame increased. With the increase of venting duct length, the flame front distance and propagation velocity increased. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of pressure field and temperature field, and the propagation process and mechanism of the flame venting with a duct were analyzed using FLUENT software. The variation of the pressure wave and the pressure reflection oscillation law in the explosion venting duct was captured. Therefore, in the industrial explosion venting design with a duct, the hazard caused by the coupling of venting pressure and venting flame under different fractions should be considered comprehensively.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定黄酒中氧化钙含量的方法对比研究

目的比较火焰原子吸收光谱法(flame atomic absorption spectrometry,FAAS)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry,ICP-OES)测定黄酒中的氧化钙含量。方法将黄酒样品、加标试样样品、质控样品通过微波消解仪消解,定容后分别用火焰原子吸收分光光度计,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定样品中钙的含量,并对2种方法的线性范围、方法检出限、精密度和回收率进行考察。结果FAAS法的方法检出限和精密度分别为0.10μg/m L和0.0223 g/L,ICP-OES法的方法检出限和精密度分别为0.015μg/m和0.00873 g/L,ICP-OES法有更低的检出限和更高的精密度,2者检测样品结果相对标准偏差(RSD)在3%以内,回收率在96.4%～102.6%之间,相关系数r为0.9995～0.9999,这2种方法中标准参考物质菠菜(GSB-6)中的钙含量的测定值在标准参考范围内。结论FAAS法测定黄酒中的氧化钙,前处理操作复杂,并且酸度对测定结果有较大影响,同时该法的检出限较高和精密度较低,而ICP-OES法线性关系好,检出限低,稳定性好,回收率高,测定结果准确,因此该法更适合黄酒中氧化钙的测定。     

Lightweight,Elastomeric, and Flame‐Retardant Foams from Expanded Chlorinated Polymers

Intrinsically flame‐retardant polymers based on lightweight and elastomeric microcellular foams are successfully prepared from flexible chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)/chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC) compounds through compression molding foaming technology. The incorporation of CPVC to CPE at once improves the foam characteristics, and enhances the mechanical and fire performances. Due to the plausible intermolecular and intramolecular crosslinking among the polymer chains, the dense network structure of CPE/CPVC with enhanced strength results in increased cell size, reduced cell density, and improved dimensional stability of CPE/CPVC foams (CCFs). These improvements are noticed to be enhanced with increasing CPVC content in the CCF. Also, the flame‐retardant properties of the foams (i.e., limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter combustion) are found to be increased with the increase of CPVC content. For instance, a highly flame‐retardant CCF at CPE/CPVC ratio of 60/40 shows a shorter combustion period, as derived from the respective heat release rate vs time curve. Corresponding peaks of heat release rate, total heat release rate, peak of mass loss rate, total smoke release, and char residue are recorded to be 8.4%, 5.8%, 3.0%, 6.6%, and 1000.1% of those recorded for the pristine CPE foam.     

机械力化学制备锡酸锌及其在PVC中的阻燃应用

以二氧化锡（SnO₂）和氧化锌（ZnO）为原料,通过机械力化学湿法球磨,制备了锡酸锌（ZS）,再与水滑石按一定比例研磨得到锡酸锌改性的水滑石（ZS/HT）。通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜对合成的ZS与ZS/HT做了表征。将制得的ZS/HT应用于PVC制得阻燃PVC样品,当加入10%（ZS与水滑石的质量比）ZS/HT时材料的极限氧指数比纯PVC样品高3.5%,同时材料的力学性能有所增加。热重分析结果表明,ZS/HT的加入促使PVC提前分解成炭,有效提高PVC材料的残炭量。