基于连锁环网与改进离散粒子群算法的多目标配电网重构

配电网重构本质上是一个复杂的高维数非线性组合优化问题。为避免其不可行解的影响,同时实现快速寻优,提出了一种通过连锁环网矩阵快速判断粒子是否满足配电网拓扑约束的方法。采用基于Pareto准则的离散二进制粒子群算法(Binary Particle Swarm Optimization,BPSO)以求解配电网重构多目标优化问题。从三方面对BPSO算法进行改进:改进粒子更新策略以提升新代粒子的可行概率;改进sigmoid函数同时提出邻域搜索机制以强化算法后期的收敛能力;提出基于次优解保留策略的小生境共享机制以改进群体最优粒子更新方式,进而强化算法的全局搜索能力。对IEEE33系统算例进行仿真,结果表明改进BPSO算法在求解含分布式电源(Distributed Generation,DG)的配电网重构多目标优化问题时,能够更加精确高效地收敛至Pareto最优前沿。     

基于生态位需求的高密度城区鸟类微生境选择研究—以上海市浦东新区世纪大道地区为例

选择上海市浦东新区世纪大道沿线地区作为样地,基于鸟类群落微生境调查,研究鸟类的生态位需求和实际的微生境选择,重点分析鸟类对高密度城区特殊微生境—建筑物/构筑物的选择偏好。结果表明：1）鸟类群落的巢居空间和食性空间生态位需求以及实际微生境主要位于乔木层和地被层;2）立体硬质界面具备成为城市野生鸟类生境的潜力,可作为现有城市生物生境系统的有益补充;3）针对部分城市野生鸟类利用建筑物孔洞筑巢的习性,建议可在建筑立面、雕塑和街道家具的设计中有意识地预留孔洞,为鸟类提供巢居空间。     

An Ecological Perspective of Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms in Food Processing Facilities

Listeria monocytogenes can enter the food chain at virtually any point. However, food processing environments seem to be of particular importance. From an ecological point of view, food processing facilities are microbial habitats that are constantly disturbed by cleaning and sanitizing procedures. Although L. monocytogenes is considered ubiquitous in nature, it is important to recognize that not all L. monocytogenes strains appear to be equally distributed; the distribution of the organism seems to be related to certain habitats. Currently, no direct evidence exists that L. monocytogenes-associated biofilms have played a role in food contamination or foodborne outbreaks, likely because biofilm isolation and identification are not part of an outbreak investigation, or the definition of biofilm is unclear. Because L. monocytogenes is known to colonize surfaces, we suggest that contamination patterns may be studied in the context of how biofilm formation is influenced by the environment within food processing facilities. In this review, direct and indirect epidemiological and phenotypic evidence of lineage-related biofilm formation capacity to specific ecological niches will be discussed. A critical view on the development of the biofilm concept, focused on the practical implications, strengths, and weaknesses of the current definitions also is discussed. The idea that biofilm formation may be an alternative surrogate for microbial fitness is proposed. Furthermore, current research on the influence of environmental factors on biofilm formation is discussed.     

丁酸型产氢-产酸发酵细菌pH生态位探讨

本试验结果认为,细菌在3 86,或4 5>PH>5 3生态位理论。分析原因在于,试验过程中的环境因素———C/N比的降低,氮源物质浓度的提高,相应提高了微生物的合成代谢水平,并且使得细菌发酵过程在pH值较低的环境中,向合成代谢水平较高的丁酸型发酵转变。细菌发生丁酸型发酵是在环境内多种环境因子协同作用下进行的。该试验结果拓宽了前期理论研究中得到的丁酸型发酵生态位范围,为今后相关的理论研究及实际生产提供了理论依据。     

Performance of four salmonids species in competition with Atlantic salmon

Economically and culturally important salmonid species often compete with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) released from stocking programs or that escaped during aquaculture production. Such competitive interactions may lower the individual fitness of these species by reducing survival and body growth. Here, we exposed juvenile brown trout (S. trutta), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and coho salmon (O. kisutch) to juvenile Atlantic salmon in artificial streams for 10 months. Survival and fitness-related traits of the four species were not negatively impacted by the presence of Atlantic salmon. The results suggest that brown trout and rainbow trout have better competitive abilities than Atlantic salmon, and that Chinook salmon and coho salmon have limited competitive interactions with Atlantic salmon. Although we discuss certain environmental conditions that can favor Atlantic salmon as a competitor at the juvenile life stage, Atlantic salmon may have little impact on the productivity of these four species.     

Unrestricted ramping rates and long‐term trends in the food web metrics of a boreal river

Long‐term monitoring of the food web of a regulated hydropeaking river was conducted to assess if previously documented effects of changing ramping rates (RRs) were maintained with the addition of 6 years of data. Using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses, we hypothesized that: (1) macroinvertebrates and fish inhabiting areas below peaking hydrodams would be higher in δ¹⁵N and lower in δ¹³C due to increased flow velocity and the influence of light respired dissolved inorganic carbon, relative to those sampled from areas with a natural flow regime; (2) the increase in δ¹⁵N of macroinvertebrates would lead a shorter food web length in the regulated river, but δ¹³C and niche width would be similar between the restricted and unrestricted RR periods (i.e., the BACI analysis); and (3) isotopic metrics (e.g., δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, niche width [SEA_B], and food chain length [Δ¹⁵N]) would correlate with variations in flow characteristics through time. Consistent with previous analysis conducted over a shorter time period, a shift toward higher δ¹⁵N values was observed for both fish and invertebrates, but, contrarily, only invertebrates (not fish) had a lower δ¹³C value downstream of the dam. Over the long term, the before‐after‐control‐impact analysis found no effect of RRs on any of the food web metrics, implying that the change in operation did not affect the river food web. However, analysis of the time series data indicated that flow metrics and trophic metrics were often correlated, including a negative effect of RR (invertebrates) and discharge (fish) on food chain length. This study illustrates the difficulty in detecting changes in food web structure and function under changing flow regime influenced by natural and anthropogenic effects. As such, this study highlights the need for considering large spatial and temporal scales to differentiate between confounding effects of climate, natural variability, and altered flow regimes on food webs in regulated rivers.