New food safety challenges of viral contamination from a global perspective: Conventional,emerging, and novel methods of viral control

Food- and waterborne viruses, such as human norovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, rotaviruses, astroviruses, adenoviruses, and enteroviruses, are major contributors to all foodborne illnesses. Their small size, structure, and ability to clump and attach to inanimate surfaces make viruses challenging to reduce or eliminate, especially in the presence of inorganic or organic soils. Besides traditional wet and dry methods of disinfection using chemicals and heat, emerging physical nonthermal decontamination techniques (irradiation, ultraviolet, pulsed light, high hydrostatic pressure, cold atmospheric plasma, and pulsed electric field), novel virucidal surfaces, and bioactive compounds are examined for their potential to inactivate viruses on the surfaces of foods or food contact surfaces (tools, equipment, hands, etc.). Every disinfection technique is discussed based on its efficiency against viruses, specific advantages and disadvantages, and limitations. Structure, genomic organization, and molecular biology of different virus strains are reviewed, as they are key in determining these techniques effectiveness in controlling all or specific foodborne viruses. Selecting suitable viral decontamination techniques requires that their antiviral mechanism of action and ability to reduce virus infectivity must be taken into consideration. Furthermore, details about critical treatments parameters essential to control foodborne viruses in a food production environment are discussed, as they are also determinative in defining best disinfection and hygiene practices preventing viral infection after consuming a food product.     

毛细管区带电泳-间接紫外检测法测定婴儿配方奶粉中的胆碱

目的建立毛细管区带电泳-间接紫外检测法测定婴儿配方奶粉中胆碱含量的新方法。方法用5 mmol/L乙酸提取婴儿配方奶粉样品中的胆碱,涡旋混匀、9000 r/min离心,上清液经0.45μm醋酸纤维素滤膜过滤后进样。用未涂覆熔融石英毛细管75μm×70 cm(有效长度:60 cm)作为分离柱。以10 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠+20 mmol/L磷酸+7 mmol/L 4-甲基咪唑为分离缓冲体系。分离电压为28 k V,进样压力及时间为0.5 psi、10 s,检测波长为214 nm。结果胆碱的校正峰面积与质量浓度在8.7~86.8 mg/L范围内间线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9997、检出限为2.6 mg/L、定量限为8.7 mg/L,方法的日内和日间精密度分别为1.9%和3.9%(n=7)。3个质量浓度添加水平的平均加标回收率分别为98.8%、95.2%及97.6%,相应RSD分别为0.8%、0.9%及0.6%(n=5)。用本法分析了10件婴儿配方奶粉样品,均获满意结果。结论本方法简单、无需有机溶剂,适用于婴儿配方奶粉中胆碱的常规检测。     

Real‐time thermal states monitoring of absorber tube for parabolic trough solar collector with non‐uniform solar flux

With the world energy shortage problem becoming increasingly prominent, more and more attentions have been paid to the development of renewable energies. Among these sources, solar energy has received extensive attention with its excellent characteristics. The thermal state affects the safety of the solar heat collection system. In this paper, real‐time monitoring of the input heat flux on the inside wall and the temperature field simultaneously of an absorber tube for parabolic trough solar collector were studied. Based on the measured temperatures on the outside wall, the fuzzy adaptive Kalman filter coupled with weighted recursive least squares algorithm (WRLSA) was employed to monitor the heat states of the absorber tube inversely, in which WRLSA was used to acquire the heat flux while fuzzy adaptive Kalman filter was adopted to monitor the temperature field. The method showed strong robustness to resist the ill‐posedness. Accurate monitoring results also can be acquired when there are random disturbances of the heat transfer condition on the inner wall.     

Active Packaging Applications for Food

The traditional role of food packaging is continuing to evolve in response to changing market needs. Current drivers such as consumer's demand for safer, “healthier,” and higher‐quality foods, ideally with a long shelf‐life; the demand for convenient and transparent packaging, and the preference for more sustainable packaging materials, have led to the development of new packaging technologies, such as active packaging (AP). As defined in the European regulation (EC) No 450/2009, AP systems are designed to “deliberately incorporate components that would release or absorb substances into or from the packaged food or the environment surrounding the food.” Active packaging materials are thereby “intended to extend the shelf‐life or to maintain or improve the condition of packaged food.” Although extensive research on AP technologies is being undertaken, many of these technologies have not yet been implemented successfully in commercial food packaging systems. Broad communication of their benefits in food product applications will facilitate the successful development and market introduction. In this review, an overview of AP technologies, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant or carbon dioxide‐releasing systems, and systems absorbing oxygen, moisture or ethylene, is provided, and, in particular, scientific publications illustrating the benefits of such technologies for specific food products are reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges in applying such AP technologies to food systems and the anticipated direction of future developments are discussed. This review will provide food and packaging scientists with a thorough understanding of the benefits of AP technologies when applied to specific foods and hence can assist in accelerating commercial adoption.     

暗纹东方鲀鱼精蛋白的纯化及抑菌活性研究

采用葡聚糖凝胶(Sephadex G-50)层析和羧甲基琼脂糖凝胶FF(CM Sepharose Fast Flow)离子交换层析对暗纹东方鲀鱼精蛋白进行纯化,利用精氨酸显色反应鉴定鱼精蛋白,并测定了鱼精蛋白对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度、抑菌圈直径和生长曲线的影响。结果表明,暗纹东方鲀鱼精蛋白在217,273nm处各有1个吸收峰且217nm处的吸收峰较高,经SDS-PAGE电泳发现纯化后的鱼精蛋白白条带较纯化前的细且无拖尾现象;暗纹东方鲀鱼精蛋白对革兰氏阴性菌(沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌)和革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)均具有抑制作用,可以延缓菌种的生长,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为500,1 000,1 000mg/L。     

气体开关串级环形间隙放电相互影响机制研究

针对中空和非中空触发电极结构的两间隙开关，进行了触发击穿特性实验，对比两个间隙的击穿抖动和通道数，分析了串级两间隙的相互影响机制。实验结果表明：两只开关触发间隙击穿抖动和通道数变化规律基本一致；非中空开关自击穿间隙击穿抖动随工作系数的增大而减小，最小约3 ns，中空开关自击穿间隙击穿抖动始终约1 ns；非中空开关自击穿间隙难形成多通道放电，中空开关自击穿间隙通道数明显多于其他间隙。触发间隙首先放电产生紫外光，通过触发电极中空通孔预先照射自击穿间隙产生初始电子，是自击穿间隙击穿抖动减小、通道数增加的主要作用机制。     

短波紫外线照射和~(60)Co-γ辐照处理对大樱桃贮藏品质的影响

为探究不同射线辐照处理对大樱桃果实保鲜效果的影响,采用不同剂量短波紫外线(short-wave ultraviolet light,UV-C)照射(1.37、2.05、2.74 kJ/m~2)和~(60)Co-γ辐照(0.75、1.5、2.25 kGy)分别处理大樱桃果实,定期检测其冷藏期间生理品质指标和果皮超微结构变化。结果表明:贮藏15 d内,1.37 kJ/m~2照射和0.75 kGy辐照较对照组可显著延缓大樱桃果实好果率下降、抑制果实质量损失,较好保持果实质地特性,促进花青素合成,有效抑制过氧化物酶与超氧化物歧化酶活性下降,但对可溶性固形物含量影响不大,且会引起丙二醛含量增加。由于两种处理对好果率、硬度、质量损失率、花青素等感官品质核心指标具有良好的积极作用,因此对丙二醛的不利变化并不足以影响到果实的商品品质评价。电子显微镜结果显示,大樱桃经1.37 kJ/m~2照射和0.75 kGy辐照处理后,与对照组相比,能在一定程度上减轻果皮细胞膜、线粒体、叶绿体等细胞结构的损伤程度,显著延缓果皮细胞衰老。此外,在贮藏前期与末期,1.37 kJ/m~2照射和0.75 kGy辐照所发挥的作用并不相同。针对于5 d以内的短期贮藏,可采用1.37 kJ/m~2 UV-C照射,而长期贮藏则以0.75 kGy~(60)Co-γ辐照效果更好。     

Design of switchable band‐notched frequency selective absorber

An active band‐notched frequency selective absorber (BNFSA) with switchable notch band is proposed in this article. The BNFSA is a two‐layer structure composed of a lossy layer at the top and a ground plane at the bottom, separated by an air spacer. The element of the lossy layer is a lumped‐resistor‐loaded metallic dipole with a parallel LC resonance structure, which is realized by complementary n‐shaped resonator (CnR) inserted in the center, and PIN diode is welded at two arms of CnR. The bias circuit printed on the back of the substrate of the lossy layer connects to anode and cathode of the diode by via hole and isolates by the inductor. Simulation results show that the notch bands are located at 4.50 and 6.81 GHz when the diode sets to ON and OFF, respectively. To validate the performance of switchable BNFSA, the prototypes are fabricated and measured, reasonable agreement between simulated and measured results is obtained.     

Fabrication and properties of Co:MgAl2O4 transparent ceramics for a saturable absorber from coprecipitated nanopowder

The 0.05 at.% Co:MgAl₂O₄ precursor was synthesized by the coprecipitation method from a mixed solution of magnesium, aluminum, and cobalt nitrates using ammonium carbonate as the precipitant. 0.05 at.% Co:MgAl₂O₄ transparent ceramics were successfully obtained via vacuum sintering and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of 0.05 at.% Co:MgAl₂O₄ nanopowder calcined at 1100°C for 4 hours. The properties of powder and ceramics were comprehensively investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that Co:MgAl₂O₄ nanopowder had a pure spinel phase. Also, the in-line transmittances of the HIP posttreated Co:MgAl₂O₄ ceramics with the thickness of 1.2 mm were 82% at 400 nm and 84.7% at 900 nm. The average grain sizes of 0.05 at.% Co:MgAl₂O₄ ceramics before and after the HIP posttreatment were 11 and 28 μm, respectively. The calculated ground state absorption cross section of 0.05 at.% Co:MgAl₂O₄ ceramics was 2.9 × 10⁻¹⁹ cm², indicating that this ceramics is a promising material applied as a saturable absorber for passive laser Q-switches in the 1.3-1.7 μm domain.     

基于离子束溅射Ta2O5薄膜的紫外吸收膜技术

为获得高性能紫外激光薄膜元件,急需研制紫外高反射吸收薄膜,实现吸收损耗的精确测量。本文采用离子束溅射技术,通过调控氧气流量实现了具有不同吸收的Ta_2O_5薄膜的制备。以Ta_2O_5薄膜作为高折射率材料,设计了355nm的紫外高反射吸收薄膜。采用离子束溅射沉积技术,在熔融石英基底上制备了355nm的吸收薄膜,对于A=5%的紫外吸收光谱,在355nm的透射率、反射率和吸收率分别为0.1%,95.0%和4.9%;对于A=12%的紫外吸收光谱,在355nm的透射率、反射率和吸收率分别为0.1%,87.4%和12.5%。实验结果表明,采用离子束溅射沉积技术,可以实现不同吸收率的355nm高反射吸收薄膜的制备,对于基于光热偏转测量技术的紫外光学薄膜弱吸收测量仪的定标具有重要的意义。