生姜猕猴桃自然酒精发酵醪微生物多样性研究

为了探讨和评估生姜猕猴桃自然酒精发酵醪酵母菌系多样性及其产品的安全性，采用微生物可培养方法对生姜猕猴桃自然酒精发酵中的酵母菌进行分离，并利用5.8S rDNA ITS序列信息分析不同时期生姜猕猴桃自然酒精发酵醪的酵母菌株α多样性和β多样性。结果表明，生姜猕猴桃自然酒精发酵中酵母菌有8属11种，包括假丝酵母、孢汉逊酵母、德巴利酵母、毕赤酵母、伊萨酵母、柯达酵母、梅奇酵母、Meyerozyma。毕赤酵母是生姜猕猴桃自然酒精发酵醪初期和后期的优势酵母菌群，Myerozyma是生姜猕猴桃自然酒精发酵醪初期和中期的优势酵母菌群。α多样性、β多样性分析结果显示，生姜猕猴桃自然酒精发酵中期物种多样性最高，发酵后期酵母菌数与独有酵母菌数最多，物种丰富度最高。     

基于面包酵母中海藻糖提取工艺优化及菌株筛选的高密度培养工艺

确定使用酶-3,5-二硝基水杨酸(3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid,DNS)法作为酵母胞内海藻糖定量测定方法,通过微波-浸提法对活性干酵母胞内海藻糖进行提取,采用单因素试验以酵母中海藻糖含量为参考指标优化该工艺中的微波功率、微波时间、三氯乙酸浓度、三氯乙酸体积、浸提温度、浸提时间,在此基础上对微波功率、微波时间、三氯乙酸浓度、三氯乙酸体积、浸提温度5个因素进行正交试验,优化后工艺条件为:针对1.5 g活性干酵母,微波功率231 W、微波时间40 s、三氯乙酸浓度0.7 mol/L、三氯乙酸体积40 m L、浸提温度55℃、浸提时间150 min。使用该工艺得到的活性干酵母中的海藻糖含量为280.15 mg/g,相对于优化前提高了15.2%。同时,利用该优化后工艺在现有面包酵母菌种中筛选出了一株高产海藻糖的菌株。在50 L自吸式发酵罐中将该菌株进行流加发酵,采用糖蜜进行溶氧反馈流加时最大酵母湿质量浓度为198.34 g/L,将流加工艺进行改进,提出称质量补料的流加方法将糖蜜、尿素、磷酸二氢铵作为流加营养源,实验发现发酵后最大酵母湿质量浓度可提高到264.82 g/L,相对于原工艺提高了33.52%,达到了面包酵母高密度培养的要求。发酵过程中将乙醇体积分数控制在0.7%~1.0%之间,将有效提高酵母湿质量浓度且保证其发酵力在650 m L/h以上,且工艺稳定性良好。     

葡萄酒酿造过程中产β-葡萄糖苷酶酵母菌研究进展

在葡萄酒酿造的微环境中，产β-葡萄糖苷酶的酵母菌种类繁多，其酶的活性也存在着显著的差异。该文对产β-葡萄糖苷酶的酵母菌种类、产酶部位、产酶工程菌的构建、产酶酵母菌的选育方法以及酿造过程中酶解产香机制等方面的研究成果进行了综述，以期为高产β-葡萄糖苷酶酵母菌的选育和葡萄酒酿造过程中香气品质的提升提供参考。     

新疆发酵驼乳中分解植酸盐酵母菌的筛选及鉴定

为发掘和保护新疆牧区传统发酵驼乳中潜在益生酵母菌资源，从新疆伊犁地区不同牧区采集12份传统发酵驼乳样品，通过酵母浸出粉胨葡萄糖（YPD）培养基分离酵母菌，通过富含植酸二钾的培养基初筛及降解植酸盐能力的测定从中筛选可降解植酸盐的酵母菌，通过形态观察、生理生化试验及5.8S rDNA ITS1/ITS4区域序列同源性分析进行菌种鉴定，并测定其耐酸及耐胆盐性能。结果表明，筛选出11株可分解植酸盐的酵母菌，鉴定8株为库德毕赤酵母（Pichia kudriavzevii），2株为白地霉（Geotrichum candidum），1株为乳酸克鲁维酵母（Kluyveromyces lactis），其中库德毕赤酵母菌BJ9-12在模拟胃液和模拟肠液中的存活率分别为87.79%和81.50%，耐酸及耐胆盐性能较好，且培养48 h时分解植酸盐的透明圈直径达到3.45 cm，在发酵食品中具有良好的应用潜力。     

Effect of supplemental yeast culture and dietary starch content on rumen fermentation and digestion in dairy cows

The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effect of feeding a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on rumen metabolism and digestibility when cows are fed diets varying in starch content. Four lactating Holstein cows were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were low starch (LS; 23% of diet DM) and no yeast culture (YC; LS-control), LS and 15 g of YC/d (LS-YC), high starch (HS; 29% of diet DM) and no YC (HS-control), and HS and 15 g of YC/d (HS-YC). Periods lasted 28 d, with the last 9 d for data collection. Days 20 to 24 were used to determine production, nutrient flow, and digestibility. On d 25, 3 kg of corn grain DM was placed in the rumen 1 h before the morning feeding, and yields of milk and milk components were measured after the challenge. Blood was sampled −1, 3, 7, and 11 h relative to the morning feeding on d 24 and 25. Rumen pH was measured continuously on d 24 and 25. Rumen papillae were collected on d 24 and 28 to quantify mRNA expression of select genes. Supplementing YC increased yields of milk (26.3 vs. 29.6 kg/d), energy-corrected milk (ECM; 26.5 vs. 30.3 kg/d), fat (0.94 vs. 1.08 kg/d), true protein (0.84 vs. 0.96 kg/d), and ECM/dry matter intake (1.15 vs. 1.30) compared with the control but did not affect dry matter intake (22.6 vs. 22.9 kg/d). Cows fed HS had increased milk true protein percentage (3.18 vs. 3.31%) and yield (0.87 vs. 0.94 kg/d) compared with cows fed LS. Feeding HS-YC increased the proportion of dietary N incorporated into milk true protein from 24.9% in the other 3 treatments to 29.6%. Feeding HS increased the concentration of propionate (21.7 vs. 32.3 mM) and reduced that of NH₃-N (8.3 vs. 6.7 mg/dL) in rumen fluid compared with the control, and combining HS with YC in HS-YC tended to increase microbial N synthesis compared with LS-YC (275 vs. 322 g/d). Supplementing YC to cows fed HS reduced plasma haptoglobin and rumen lactate concentrations, increased mean rumen pH, reduced the time with pH <6.0, and prevented the decrease in rumen neutral detergent fiber digestion caused by HS. Cows fed HS had less total-tract digestion of organic matter (73.9 vs. 72.4%) because of reduced acid detergent fiber (57.6 vs. 51.7%) and neutral detergent fiber (60.9 vs. 56.7%) digestibility. Production performance after the challenge was similar to that before the challenge, and YC improved yield of ECM. After the challenge, supplementing YC tended to reduce rumen lactate concentration compared with the control and reduced haptoglobin in cows fed HS. Feeding HS but not YC increased expression in rumen papillae of genes for receptors (FFAR2 and FFAR3) and transporter (SLC16A3) of short-chain fatty acids but did not affect genes involved in transport of Na⁺/H⁺ or water or in inflammatory response. Supplementing YC to dairy cows improved lactation performance in diets containing low or high starch, and mechanisms might be partially attributed to improvements in rumen pH, digestion of fiber, microbial N synthesis, and reduction in acute phase response.     

超声波辅助废啤酒酵母吸附蓝莓渣中花色苷的特性

采用超声波辅助废啤酒酵母吸附分离蓝莓渣中的花色苷。以超声技术作为辅助手段,对其影响因素、吸附动力学、等温吸附特性和吸附机理进行研究,并采用高效液相色谱法分析吸附前后蓝莓渣中花色苷组分的变化。结果表明:超声条件下花色苷吸附量显著高于静置和振荡辅助条件下的(P0.05);废啤酒酵母对花色苷的吸附量随吸附时间的延长而增加,在120 min时达到平衡;花色苷吸附量随超声强度的增强、吸附温度的升高和花色苷初始质量浓度的增加而增加;废啤酒酵母对花色苷的吸附过程符合二级动力学模型,Temkin等温模型能较好地描述其吸附行为;傅里叶变换红外光谱分析发现废啤酒酵母表面的氨基、羟基和酰胺基团在吸附过程中起着关键作用;高效液相色谱分析表明废啤酒酵母对蓝莓渣中各种单体花色苷进行了不同程度的吸附。因此,超声波辅助废啤酒酵母对蓝莓渣花色苷具有较好的吸附效果。