The social profitability of rural roads in a small open economy: Do urban agglomeration economies matter?

The effects of a rural roads programme depend on labour mobility, how the programme is financed, and agglomeration economies. If financed by a rural poll tax and cross-price effects and agglomeration economies are sufficiently small, the wage will rise, with some return migration. Taxes on trade act as countervailing distortions, yielding urban households some relief. Rural-urban commuting promotes the exploitation of agglomeration economies; taxes on international trade are then inferior to a poll tax. The change in the value, at producer prices, of the rural sector's net supply vector can be a poor measure of the programme's social profitability.     

MHD mixed convection of a Cu–water nanofluid flow through a channel with an open trapezoidal cavity and an elliptical obstacle

In the current work, numerical simulations are achieved to study the properties and the characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer of (Cu–water) nanofluid under the magnetohydrodynamic effects in a horizontal rectangular canal with an open trapezoidal enclosure and an elliptical obstacle. The cavity lower wall is grooved and represents the heat source while the obstacle represents a stationary cold wall. On the other hand, the rest of the walls are considered adiabatic. The governing equations for this investigation are formulated, nondimensionalized, and then solved by Galerkin finite element approach. The numerical findings were examined across a wide range of Richardson number (0.1 ≤ Ri ≤ 10), Reynolds number (1 ≤ Re ≤ 125), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), and volume fraction of nanofluid (0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.05). The current study's findings demonstrate that the flow strength increases inversely as the Reynolds number rises, which pushes the isotherms down to the lower part of the trapezoidal cavity. The Nu_avg rises as the Ri rise, the maximum Nu_avg = 10.345 at Ri = 10, Re = 50, ϕ = 0.05, and Ha = 0; however, it reduces with increasing Hartmann number. Also, it increase by increasing ϕ, at Ri = 10, the Nu_avg increased by 8.44% when the volume fraction of nanofluid increased from (ϕ = 0–0.05).     

Crosstalk between MicroRNA and Oxidative Stress in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), a chronic neurodegenerative disease that damages the trabecular meshwork (TM) cells, inducing apoptosis of the retinal ganglion cells (RGC), deteriorating the optic nerve head, and leading to blindness. Aqueous humor (AH) outflow resistance and intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation contribute to disease progression. Nevertheless, despite the existence of pharmacological and surgical treatments, there is room for the development of additional treatment approaches. The following review is aimed at investigating the role of different microRNAs (miRNAs) in the expression of genes and proteins involved in the regulation of inflammatory and degenerative processes, focusing on the delicate balance of synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) regulated by chronic oxidative stress in POAG related tissues. The neutralizing activity of a couple of miRNAs was described, suggesting effective downregulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2), Wnt/β-Catenin, and PI3K/AKT. In addition, with regards to the elevated IOP in many POAG patients due to increased outflow resistance, Collagen type I degradation was stimulated by some miRNAs and prevented ECM deposition in TM cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a consequence of oxidative stress was suppressed following exposure to different miRNAs. In contrast, increased oxidative damage by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway was described as part of the action of selected miRNAs. Summarizing, specific miRNAs may be promising therapeutic targets for lowering or preventing oxidative stress injury in POAG patients.     

Electrochemical Quantification of Neurotransmitters in Single Live Cell Vesicles Shows Exocytosis is Predominantly Partial

Exocytosis plays an essential role in the communication between cells in the nervous system. Understanding the regulation of neurotransmitter release during exocytosis and the amount of neurotransmitter content that is stored in vesicles is of importance, as it provides fundamental insights to understand how the brain works and how neurons elicit a certain behavior. In this minireview, we summarize recent progress in amperometric measurements for monitoring exocytosis in single cells and electrochemical cytometry measurements of vesicular neurotransmitter content in individual vesicles. Important steps have increased our understanding of the different mechanisms of exocytosis. Increasing evidence is firmly establishing that partial release is the primary mechanism of release in multiple cell types.     

User idea implementation in open innovation communities: Evidence from a new product development crowdsourcing community

In collaborative crowdsourcing communities for open innovation, users generate and submit ideas as idea co‐creators. Firms then select and implement valuable ideas for new product development. Despite the popularity and success of these open innovation communities, relatively little is known about the factors that determine the implementation of the user‐generated ideas. Based on research on individual creativity, we propose a conceptual model integrating users' previous experience, idea presentation characteristics and feedback valence to explain the likelihood of idea implementation. We validate our research model with a panel data analysis of 43 550 ideas submitted by 16 360 users in the MIUI new product development community hosted by Xiaomi, a large electronics manufacturing company in China. We find an inverted U‐shaped relationship between users' past successful experience and idea implementation. Furthermore, the length of ideas is positively associated with the likelihood of idea implementation. There is also an inverted U‐shaped relationship between supporting evidence and idea implementation. Finally, we demonstrate the negative effect of positive feedback and the positive effect of negative feedback on idea implementation. These findings offer rich insights to understand the phenomenon of open innovation better. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

浓香型白酒窖泥菌群结构、菌种功能及其改良研究进展

窖泥质量对浓香型白酒的发酵具有重要影响。一般来说，窖龄越大，窖泥质量越好，酿酒质量越好。近年来，以提高窖泥质量、促进窖泥老熟为导向的研究成为热点。本文按照从基础理论到改良应用研究的逻辑顺序，参考相关文献资料，就窖泥菌群结构、菌种功能及人工窖泥改良三方面进行综述。在时间维度上，随窖龄增加，窖泥原核菌群多样性逐渐增加，菌群结构逐渐趋于稳定（老熟），而真核菌群多样性逐渐减少，甚至消失。在空间分布上，池底窖泥原核菌群多样性大于池壁泥，而真核菌群相反，且其在池底老窖泥中趋于消失状态。窖泥中一些菌种参与己酸合成，如克氏梭菌（Clostridium kluyveri）和Ruminococcaceae CPB6，随窖泥老熟，窖泥菌群逐渐形成了完整的代谢网络。人工窖泥改良可以有效促进窖泥菌群的老熟。通过本综述，为进一步的窖泥菌群理论及应用研究提供了新思路。     

谈淤泥质复杂基坑地基处理及支护技术

淤泥质地形在施工过程中可能因地基强度不够而发生事故,施工难度高,对此类地基处理及支护技术的研究较为重要。     

基于XML的信息物理融合系统组件建模与仿真

信息物理融合系统（CPS）涉及多种计算模型的集成和协同工作，针对CPS设计方法不统一、重塑性差、复杂度高、难以协同建模验证等问题，提出一种结构化、可描述行为的异元组件模型。首先，用统一组件建模方法进行建模，解决模型不开放问题；然后，用可扩展标记语言（XML）规范描述各类组件，解决不同计算模型描述语言不一致和不可扩展问题；最后，用多级开放组件模型的协同仿真验证方式进行仿真验证，解决验证的不可协同问题。通过通用组件建模方法、XML组件规范描述语言以及验证工具平台XModel对医用恒温箱进行了建模、描述和仿真。医用恒温箱的案例表明，这种模型驱动建立可重塑异元组件并确认其设计正确性的过程，支持信息物理协同设计和边构建边纠正，可避免在系统实现过程中发现问题时再进行反复修改。     

基于数据挖掘的开源电子资源访问行为统计模型

为了解决当前图书馆资源个性化推荐过程中存在推荐的准确率、召回率以及效率较低的问题,采用二维距离模型构建用户社区模型,用于描述访问用户与图书馆开源电子资源之间的关系,并对互联网用户需求和访问行为进行模糊规则推理.依据互联网用户属性和图书馆资源访问需求属性之间的模糊规则,建立图书馆开源电子资源访问行为统计模型,并利用该模型向用户提供个性化推荐服务.仿真结果表明,所建模型的推荐召回率高达98. 4%,推荐准确率为99. 2%,运行时间小于0. 04 s.所建模型能够为互联网用户提供准确、高效地图书馆资源个性化推荐服务.