Effect of calcination conditions on phase formation and particle size of nickel niobate powders synthesized by solid-state reaction

The solid-state mixed oxide method via a rapid vibro-milling technique is explored in the preparation of single-phase nickel niobate (NiNb₂O₆) powders. The formation of the NiNb₂O₆ phase in the calcined powders has been investigated as a function of calcination conditions by TG-DTA and XRD techniques. Morphology, particle size and chemical composition have been determined via a combination of SEM and EDX techniques. It has been found that the minor phases of unreacted NiO and Nb₂O₅ precursors and the Ni₄Nb₂O₉ phase tend to form together with the columbite NiNb₂O₆ phase, depending on calcination conditions. More importantly, it is seen that optimization of calcination conditions can lead to a single-phase NiNb₂O₆ in an orthorhombic phase.     

Effects of surfactant/silica and silica/cerium ratios on the characteristics of mesoporous Ce-MCM-41

Using the surfactant CTMABr (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) and cerium(IV) sulfate, mesoporous Ce-MCM-41 molecular sieves were produced under a hydrothermal condition with various surfactant/silica (surfactant/Si) and silica/cerium (Si/Ce) ratios. Changes to the structural traits caused by changing the molar ratios of both surfactant/Si and Si/Ce were investigated. XRD (X-ray diffraction), FT-IR (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and SEM (scanning electro microscopy) were used for the characterization of prepared mesoporous samples. Among the tested molar ratios, surfactant/Si ratio of 0.5 and 0.2 showed highest values of d_1 0 0 and intensity, respectively, for the Si-MCM-41. XRD analysis also identified a quintessential hexagonal structure of Ce-MCM-41 for the Si/Ce molar ratio higher than 40 (maintaining the surfactant/Si ratio at 0.2). When cerium content was increased to have the Si/Ce molar ratio of 20, the hexagonal structure of Ce-MCM-41 was collapsed due to the structural stress of substituted cerium. FT-IR results confirmed calcination of Ce-MCM-41 and the incorporation of Ce⁴⁺ ions of cerium sulfate into the silica surface with proper removal of the surfactant. Rod-like shape with rounded edges of the prepared Ce-MCM-41 samples was identified by SEM. These results suggest surfactant/Si ratio of 0.2 and Si/Ce ratio of 40 for the production of Ce-MCM-41 with the highest level of crystallinity.     

Production of β-SiC by pyrolysis of rice husk in gas furnaces

Short fibers and fine particles of β-SiC were obtained by pyrolysis of Colombian rice husk (RH). The synthesis of SiC was carried out in a gas furnace: a mathematical model was developed in order to design and build this equipment and the process was optimized using an experimental design that included variables such as temperature, pyrolysis time, type of catalyst, and process atmosphere. The obtained material was characterized by using FTIR, DRX and SEM for microstructural characterization and EDS technique for chemical analysis.     

Numerical modelling of flow and transport processes in a calciner for cement production

Controlling the calcination process in industrial cement kilns is of particular importance because it affects fuel consumption, pollutant emission and the final cement quality. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of flow and transport phenomena in the calciner is important for efficient cement production. The main physico-chemical processes taking place in the calciner are coal combustion and the strongly endothermic calcination reaction of the raw materials. In this paper a numerical model and a parametric study are presented of the flow and transport processes taking place in an industrial calciner. The numerical model is based on the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for the gas flow, and on Lagrangean dynamics for the discrete particles. All necessary mathematical models were developed and incorporated into a computational fluid dynamics model with the influence of turbulence simulated by a two-equation (k-ε) model. Distributions of fluid velocities, temperatures and concentrations of the reactants and products as well as the trajectories of particles and their interaction with the gas phase are calculated. The results of the present parametric study allow estimations to be made and conclusions to be drawn that help in the optimization of a given calciner.     

电除尘器在氧化铝焙烧系统中的应用

介绍电除尘器在氧化铝焙烧过程中的应用,重点介绍了德国鲁奇公司电除尘器的气流均布板、极板、极线及振打装置等内部结构和高压电气、自控系统的特点以及成功应用。     

Enrichment of Nb and Ti from carbonatite pyrochlore ore via calcining-slaking followed by gravity separationOA

In this work, a novel process consisting of calcining-slaking followed by gravity separation for the enrichment of niobium(Nb) and titanium(Ti) from carbonatite pyrochlore ore was proposed, validated and compared with the current mainstream flotation method. During calcining of the pyrochlore ore, within which the carbonates were transformed into lime. Subsequently, when the calcined ore was slaked, lime was transformed into hydroxide with fine particles which were amenable to gravity separation...     

Effect of calcining temperature on particle size of hydroxyapatite synthesized by solid-state reaction at room temperature

Using diammonium phosphate, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and sodium bicarbonate as raw materials, hydroxyapatite (HAP) was facilely synthesized by solid-state reaction at room temperature. The crystallinity, phase, morphology and particle size of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA) and particle size analyzer. The influence of calcining temperature on the crystallinity and composition of HAP phase was also investigated.     

Synthesis and humidity sensitive properties of nanocrystalline Ba1−xSrxTiO3 thick films

Nanocrystalline Ba_1−xSr_xTiO₃ (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) precursors were synthesized using the stearic acid gel method. After the precursors had been calcined at 600–950°C for 0.5–1 h, nanocrystalline powders with the cubic perovskite structure were obtained and these were made into thick films. The powder samples were characterized by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, and the thick film samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The humidity-sensitive properties of the nanocrystalline Ba_1−xSr_xTiO₃ thick films were investigated. The results show that these nanocrystalline thick films possess higher humidity sensitivity and lower resistance than those of conventional materials.     

P507-煤油体系在钒钼萃取分离中的试验研究

采用P507对石煤酸浸液进行了共萃取工艺流程试验研究,从萃取和反萃的相比、有机相组成等方面进行详细试验。研究表明:用P507萃取钒钼时,其萃取率可达98%以上,采用2.5mol/L的硫酸溶液反萃钒,其反萃率可达99%以上;用10%氨水+氯化铵缓冲溶液反萃钼,其反萃率也在99%以上;同时,实现了有机相的皂化和再生。钒的浓度由原来的每升几克富集至每升几十克,钼的浓度由原来的每升几百毫克富集至每升十余克,有利于后续工艺的进行。     

CFD Process Modeling of the Industrial Calcination of Diatomite

Calcination of diatomite is an expensive process frequently resulting in products with unpredictable structure. Alternatively, calcination in swirling flow is an energy‐saving option. Computational fluid dynamics modeling of an experimental calcination process unit is presented. Experimental results and systematic collection of process data were used to define boundary condition for steady‐state and transient simulation runs. The comparison of experimental and simulation results shows the complexity of the calcination process. The results can be used for further process optimization.