EILog-05成套测井装备在长庆油田的应用

EILog-05成套测井装备是中国石油集团测井有限公司研发的具有完全自主知识产权的集成测井系统。集成化设计提高了测井仪器性能,综合化设计实现了地面系统网络化,成像测井仪器的配接成功丰富了测井项目,配套使用的一体化LEAD处理解释软件能更好地实现测井资料的现场综合解释。20井次现场试验、与ECLIPS-5700测井系统5口井的对比试验以及累计300多井次的现场应用表明,EILog-05成套测井装备的可靠性、稳定性、重复性以及与国外同类仪器测井结果的一致性均满足油田生产需要,能很好地判断长庆油田的“三低一高”复杂地层,对认识岩石三性关系和评价油气显示具有重要的作用。     

拉么锌矿采空区稳定性及地表陡崖岩移观测的研究

本文简要介绍了拉么锌矿采空区稳定性及地表陡崖岩移观测研究的方法及特点,文中根据井上井下的空间关系和考虑各种影响因素,分析了采矿结构的稳定性;阐述了地下开采引起山体失稳的有效防治措施及监测系统;并提出了空区的处理方案。     

Effect of solution components on stability of protective PbO2 layers on Pb–Ca–Sn anodes for copper electrowinning

Abstract

Potential–time curves have been carried out in CuSO₄–H₂SO₄ electrolytes to establish the effect of various impurities and additives on the stability of the protective PbO₂ layer formed on Pb–Ca–Sn alloys used in copper electrowinning. The most important effects are those of guar and Fe(III). Acting separately, they tend to stabilise the protective layer, whereas Co(II) and Mn(II) do not. The effect of Fe(III) can be explained by its strong oxidising power; the effect of guar, by its ability to form a protective barrier of organic molecules adsorbed on the PbO₂ layer. The effects of both guar and Fe(III) are diminished by the presence of other species in solution: reducing species diminish the effect of ferric ions and guar is degraded by oxidising species.     

Study of precipitation hardening in lead calcium tin anodes for copper electrowinning

Abstract

A suitable yield stress for Pb anodes with 0·07%Ca and 1·3%Sn of 6 mm thickness for copper electrowinning is achieved by means of deformation and precipitation hardening processes, their useful life being dependent on this yield stress. The objective of the present work was to optimise the precipitation hardening, by finding the best cooling conditions for the anodes in the moulds and the optimum hot rolling temperature. The results show that increasing the cooling rate of ingots beyond the rate of natural cooling enhances the precipitation hardening. At least 45 days of aging are necessary to reach stable conditions for the precipitation hardening, with precipitates formation as CaSn₃. The hot rolling temperature does not have a significant effect on the precipitation hardening of the anodes.     

Effect of crystallographic anisotropy of β-tin grains on thermal fatigue properties of Sn–1Ag–0˙5Cu and Sn–3Ag–0˙5Cu lead free solder interconnects

Abstract

An effect of the crystallographic anisotropy of β-tin grains on thermal fatigue properties of Sn–1Ag– 0˙5Cu and Sn–3Ag–0˙5Cu lead free solder interconnects were discussed. From an orientation imaging microscopic observation, three types of microstructures (single crystal-like, fine grain type and large grain type) were observed in both solders. The single crystal-like microstructure disappeared and the large grain type occurred by further fatigue due to recrystallisation. Because single crystal-like microstructure had the {100} plane approximately parallel to strain concentrated areas, recrystallisation could be retarded if the slip systems of {100}<011> or {100}<010> operate and an amount of thermal strain decreases because these slip systems have the larger critical resolved shear stress due to an anisotropic nature of β-tin. One of the reasons Sn–3Ag–0˙5Cu had longer thermal fatigue life than Sn–1Ag–0˙5Cu can be the number of the single crystal-like or the fine grain type microstructures in Sn–3Ag–0˙5Cu were larger.     

Effect of fine dispersoids and anisotropic nature of β-Sn on thermal fatigue properties of flip chips connected by Sn–xAg–0·5Cu (x: 1, 3 and 4 mass-%) lead free solders

Abstract

A significance of two factors, fine dispersoids in a solder and the anisotropic nature of β-Sn, on thermal fatigue endurance is discussed using flip chips connected by Sn–xAg–0·5Cu (x: 1, 3 and 4 mass-%) lead free solders, together with Sn and Sn–1·2Ag–0·5Cu–0·05Ni, for comparison. Both 3Ag and 4Ag showed better thermal fatigue properties than Sn and 1Ag, and a thermal fatigue life of 1·2Ag with Ni was close to that of 3Ag despite of its low silver content. Microstructures of the solders before thermal fatigue tests can be classified into a single crystal-like and a fine grain type. However, this classification, which affects the amount of thermal strain by the anisotropic nature of β-Sn, cannot accurately describe thermal fatigue lives observed. On the other hand, Vickers microhardness of the solders, which was resulted from fine dispersoids, showed good relationship with observed thermal fatigue endurance.     

Synthesis and processing of nanosized sodium potassium niobate powders

Abstract

Sodium potassium niobate powders have been produced successfully using a Pechini sol–gel method modified with a novel niobium precursor. The decomposition of the gels produced by this method was observed with thermogravimetric analysis and evolved gas mass spectrometry. This showed three main weight loss stages up to 1000°C arising from the loss of water, methane and carbon dioxide. The effect of different heat treatments of the equimolar gel was studied and correlated to particle properties and phase development. The resultant calcined powders were nanosized and single phase with some residual organic material and water. The effect of varying the composition between sodium niobate and potassium niobate was also studied and correlated to particle size and phase development.     

FABRICATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC BIMORPH USING LEAD ZIRCONATE TITANATE THIN FILM DEPOSITED BY HYDROTHERMAL METHOD

In order to describe the characteristics of piezoelectric bimorph, properties of lead zirconate titanate (LZT) film are studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning eletron microscope (SEM). The ratio of PbTiO3/PbZrO3 in LZT is 53/47, which is around morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). LZT film is composed of cubic particles with the average size of 5 μm. Density of thin film is figured out through the datum measured in experiments. The displacement model used to analyze the driving ability of bimorph is set up, and the effect of elastic intermediate layer is taken into account. Piezoelectric coefficient of LZT film is worked out by using the displacement model. Experiments of driving ability show that deformation of bimorph free end does not increase with times of crystal growth processes and the maximum deformation is obtained after two times crystal growth processes. Finally, the ferroelectric property of the bimorph is investigated and coercive voltage of the bimorph is obtained.     

Impression creep behaviour of tin based lead free solders

Abstract

Growing concern about the toxic effects of lead in conventional solders has prompted the development of lead free solders. Creep owing to heating in service is one of the causes of solder joint failures in electronic packages. The present study deals with the impression creep behaviour of eutectic Sn – 58Bi, Sn – 57Bi – 1˙3Zn and Sn – 38Pb alloys in the temperature range 303 – 393 K and stress range 2˙6 – 180 MPa. Power law creep with stress exponent n varying from 2 to 6˙3 is observed. All the alloys reveal a strong stress dependence of activation enthalpy with values 155, 120 and 112 kJ mol^-1 for Sn – 58Bi, Sn – 57Bi – 1˙3Zn and Sn – 38Pb, respectively, which are well above those for self-diffusion. The steady state impression velocity varies linearly with punch diameter for all three alloys. It is concluded that a mechanism such as forest intersection involving attractive junctions controls the creep flow in these alloys.     

Observations on densification of Al-Al2O3 composite powder compacts by pressure cycling

Abstract

The effectiveness of pressure cycling on the consolidation of powder composites is investigated. Mixed Al and various amounts of Al₂O₃ powders were consolidated under static and cyclic pressure at room temperature in uniaxial consolidation experiments. The results showed that each pressure cycle increases green density and the cyclic effect is stronger when there is a relatively large volume fraction of Al₂O₃ powder. The compacts produced by pressure cycling have much higher strength than those produced with a single pressure excursion and the process ability of compacts should also improve via pressure cycling. Microscopic observations showed that greater uniformity is obtained in compacts by cyclic consolidation. The origin of the beneficial effect of pressure cycling is related to the deviatoric stresses generated by volumetric mismatch due to the different compressibilities of the phases.