Hydrogen-rich gas generation via the exhaust gas-fuel reformer for the marine LNG engine

Reformed exhaust gas recirculation technology has attracted great attention in internal combustion engines. A platform of an exhaust gas-fuel reformer connected with the marine LNG engine was set up for generating on-board hydrogen. Based on the platform, effects of the methane to oxygen ratio (M/O) and reformed exhaust gas ratio (R_EG) from the reformer and excess air ratio (λ) from the engine on the components, hydrogen yield, thermal efficiency and reforming process of the reformer were experimentally investigated. Results shown that hydrogen-rich gases (reformate) can be generated by reforming the mixture of engine exhaust gas (about 400 °C) and methane supplied via the reformer with Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst, and the hydrogen concentration of reformate was between 6.2% and 12.6% by volume. The methane supplied rate and λ affected the components and temperature of the reactant in the reformer, while R_EG changed the gas hour space velocity during the exhaust gas-fuel reforming processes, resulting in the difference in the components of the reformate and thermal efficiency. At the present experimental condition, the highest H₂ concentration reformate was generated under the M/O of 2.0, λ of 1.55 and R_EG of 6%.     

Research and development of liquid hydrogen (LH2) temperature monitoring system for marine applications

Monitoring the temperature in liquid hydrogen (LH₂) storage tanks on ships is important for the safety of maritime navigation. In addition, accurate temperature measurement is also required for commercial transactions. Temperature and pressure define the density of liquid hydrogen, which is directly linked to trading interests. In this study, we developed and tested a liquid hydrogen temperature monitoring system that uses platinum resistance sensors with a nominal electrical resistance of approximately 1000 Ω at room temperature, PT-1000, for marine applications. The temperature measurements were carried out using a newly developed temperature monitoring system under different pressure conditions. The measured values are compared with a calibrated reference PT-1000 resistance thermometer. We confirm a measurement accuracy of ±50 mK in a pressure range of 0.1 MPa–0.5 MPa.     

A new experimental simulation method for the development of non-renewable hydrogen energy—Oil and gas resources

At present, the proportion of tight oil in non-renewable hydrogen energy is increasing. According to an initial exploration and attemptable practice on the exploration of tight oil, it is found that the cost can be controlled effectively and positive effects are achieved. But this technique cannot make sure the proppants filled uniformly in the long fracture. Several researches on the proppants migration experiment devices and factors influencing on proppant setting are reviewed and a new set of experimental device to simulate the laws of proppants setting in long fracture is developed. This device can simulate the main factors influencing proppants setting performance. It analyzes several factors such as wall filtration, construction displacement, sand concentration, proppant size and density, viscosity of fracturing fluid is used to rank the influencing degree of every factor. Considering the effects of mutual interference between proppants, width of fracture, rough fracture surface and fracture surface filtration during the proppants setting progress, the mathematical model of proppant setting is modified by adding sand concentration correction factor, wall effect correction factor and filtration correction factor. The experimental data verify the accuracy of the settlement model is established using the data getting from experiment.     

Preparation of high strength foam ceramics from sand shale and steel slag

Foam ceramics with high strength were successfully fabricated by using sand shale and steel slag as the major materials and SiC as foam agent. The influence of raw materials ratio and heat treatment temperatures on crystalline phases, porosity, mechanical properties and pore structures was investigated via XRF, XRD, SEM, DTA-TG, Micro-CT. The results indicate that the raw materials composed of 94 wt% sand shale and 6 wt% steel slag enable the fabrication of foam ceramics possessing strength of 29.98 MPa, bulk density of 0.821 g/cm³, total porosity of 67.22%, closed porosity of 55.27% and thermal conductivity of 0.08 W/(m·K). Micro-CT result shows that the pores with an average size of 267.05 μm are isolated. Pore wall thickness conforms to normal distribution, and it ranges from 18 to 42 μm. The superior property makes it promising high-strength and lightweight material in application fields, including thermal insulation materials and lightweight building materials.     

Bio-economic modelling for marine spatial planning application in North Sea shrimp and flatfish fisheries

Marine activities have been increasingly competing for space and reducing areas for fishing. The use of spatially explicit tools can assist the decision making process on defining the optimal location of closures for fishing due to these emerging activities.This paper presents the Spatial Integrated bio-economic Model for FISHeries (SIMFISH). In this model fishers behaviour is simulated based on optimal effort allocation. The added value of this model compared to other existing spatial management tools lies in the presence of (i) short and long term fishers behaviour (ii) spatial explicit stock and fleet dynamics and (iii) relatively low data requirements.As an illustration, SIMFISH is applied in this paper to estimate the impact of area closures in the North Sea. Overall area closures have a negative impact on the profitability of the fleets. This would be worsened with higher fuel prices and decreased stock productivity.     

Impulse controls and uncertainty in economics: Method and application

We develop a stochastic optimal control framework to address an important class of economic problems where there are discontinuities and a decision maker is able to undertake impulse controls in response to unexpected disturbances. Our contribution is two fold: (1) to develop a linear programming algorithm that produces a consistent approximation of the maximum value and optimal policy functions in the context of stochastic impulse controls; and (2) to illustrate the economic benefits of impulse controls optimized, using our framework, and calibrated to the population dynamics of a marine fishery. We contend that the framework has wide applicability and offers the possibility of higher economic pay-off for a wide-range of policy problems in the presence of discontinuities and adverse shocks.     

Ternary Blends of Renewable Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil,Advanced Bioethanol,and Marine Gasoil as Potential Marine Biofuel

An alternative for reducing emissions from marine fuel is to blend bio-oil from lignocellulose non-edible feedstocks to diesel fossil fuels. Phase diagrams of the ternary systems were built to represent the transition from heterogeneous regions to homogeneous regions. Four homogeneous blends of bio-oil of eucalyptus-bioethanol-marine gasoil were experimentally characterized with respect to the most important fuel parameters for marine engines: water content, flash point, low heating value, viscosity, and acidity. Blends with closer properties to marine gasoil replacement, lower costs, and environmental impacts should be tested for large engines.     

不同类型液体水化作用下海相页岩巴西劈裂破坏特征

为了研究不同类型液体水化作用对页岩内部裂缝形态、岩石抗拉强度和巴西劈裂张性破坏模式的影响,选取昭通国家级页岩气示范区下志留统龙马溪组页岩气储层岩心,采用清水及滑溜水分别进行了水化预处理,通过CT扫描对比了页岩中裂缝结构的变化;然后开展巴西劈裂试验,研究了水化预处理后页岩试件抗拉强度及张性破坏模式;在此基础上,选取研究区内的两口水平井,在其压裂施工现场开展了水化预处理先导性试验。研究结果表明:①相同时间内,自发渗吸过程清水水化作用对海相页岩裂缝复杂程度的提升效果优于滑溜水;②清水表面张力更大且黏度更低,清水水化作用不仅能够促使原始裂缝延伸,还能诱发新的微细裂缝或分支缝,而滑溜水水化则以促使原始裂缝扩展为主;③水化作用使海相页岩发生损伤,其抗拉强度降低,经过清水、滑溜水水化预处理后的页岩试件抗拉强度相对未水化试件分别降低了35.6%和18.1%;④根据主裂缝延伸形态将页岩水化后巴西劈裂张性破坏模式分为阶梯形、折线形、分支形和弧形4种或是其相互组合,而未水化页岩张性破坏模式仅为直线形;⑤水化作用能有效提升海相页岩压裂裂缝复杂程度,建议在施工条件允许的情况下,射孔后在限压范围内高排量注入一定量清水并关井直至主压裂施工开始,为了降低主压裂施工难度,可以通过"低砂浓度、长段塞"泵注的策略来满足设计加砂量。     

船舶海水管路钛合金应用技术研究

钛合金以其高比强度、优良的耐海水腐蚀性能,成为未来船舶选材的热点。综述了海水管路用钛合金的材料选用、焊接技术、弯管技术、腐蚀防护以及防海生物污损等方面的研究工作进展并进行分析,证明钛合金是船舶海水管路系统的理想选择,以期推动钛合金在船舶海水管路的推广和应用。     

Recycling von marinen Sekundärrohstoffen

As a waste product, oyster shells pose a major environmental pollution problem and the reuse of the material is becoming increasingly important. Since the comminution process in the recycling of secondary raw materials defines the properties of the material, oyster shells were grinded using a planetary ball mill and an impact mill and the fractions obtained were analyzed in terms of size and shape and compared with each other. A comminuted material from the impact mill was used for a series of wetting experiments, which helped to demonstrate the surface free energy of the material.