多灰度级显示器上的曲线绘制

光栅扫描显示器的屏幕是由位置固定的，离散的象素点所组成的，因而在其上生成的曲线只能是实际曲线的某种近似表示，并不是很美观的，例如有曲线的阶梯效应及曲线亮度不均度等问题，该文说明利用多灰度光栅显露器可以在一定程度上解决这些问题，并且用给出的主些算法绘制曲线时，可以较好地解决上述问题，这些算法在动画制作中也可有典型的应用。     

Identification methods for anomalous stress region in coal roadways based on microseismic information and numerical simulation

It is believed that the microseismicity induced by mining effect and gas gradient disturbance stress is a precursor to the essential characteristics of roadway unstability. In order to effectively identify and evaluate the stability of coal roadways in the process of mine development and extraction, a microseismic monitoring system was deployed for the study of the stress evolution process, damage degree and distribution characteristics in the tailgate and headgate. The mine under study is the 62113 outburst working face of Xin Zhuangzi coalmine in Huainan mining area. The whole process of microfractures initiation,extension, interaction and coalescence mechanisms during the progressive failure processes of the coal rock within the delineated and typical event clusters were investigated by means of a two dimensional realistic failure process analysis code(RFPA2D-Flow). The results show that the microseismic events gradually create different-sized event clusters. The microseismicity of the tailgate is significantly higher than that of the headgate. The study indicates that the greater anomalous stress region matches the area where microfractures continuously develop and finally connect to each other and form a fissure zone.Due to the mine layout and stress concentration, the ruptured area is mainly located on the left shoulder of the tailgate roof. The potential anomalous stress region of the coal roadway obtained by numerical simulation is relatively in good agreement with the trend of spatial macro evolution of coal rock microfractures captured by the microseismic monitoring system. The research results can provide important basis for understanding instability failure mechanism of deep roadway and microseismic activity law in complex geologic conditions, and it ultimately can be used to guide the selection and optimization of reinforcement and protection scheme.     

Fractal characterization for the mining crack evolution process of overlying strata based on microseismic monitoring technology

In order to study the evolution laws during the development process of the coal face overburden rock mining-induced fissure,we studied the process of evolution of overburden rock mining-induced fissures and dynamically quantitatively described its fractal laws,based on the high-precision microseismic monitoring method and the nonlinear Fractal Geometry Theory.The results show that:the overburden rock mining-induced fissure fractal dimension experiences two periodic change processes with the coal face advance,namely a Small→ Big→ Small process,which tends to be stable;the functional relationship between the extraction step distance and the overburden rock mining-induced fissure fractal dimension is a cubic curve.The results suggest that the fractal dimension reflects the evolution characteristics of the overburden rock mining-induced fissure,which can be used as an evaluation index of the stability of the overburden rock strata,and it provides theoretical guidance for stability analysis of the overburden rock strata,goaf roof control and the support movements in the mining face.     

页岩气水平井重复压裂层段优选与效果评估

对页岩气储层实施初次体积压裂后,生产测井监测显示1/3的射孔簇不产气或产气量较少,而且投产后产量递减也普遍较快。为此,应用微地震解释数据与裂缝网络扩展结果,建立压裂缝网预测模型与压裂井产能预测模型,在综合考虑岩石物性、微地震、生产动态等影响因素的条件下,提出了页岩重复压裂开发潜力评价指数(RDPEI),建立了重复压裂设计与评估方法,实现了针对性的层段优选与评价,并进行了现场应用。研究结果表明:(1)天然裂缝的非均质性导致压裂缝网存在着较大的差异,易形成明显的"死气区",具有较大的重复压裂挖掘潜力;(2)初次压裂裂缝网络受天然裂缝的影响大,裂缝网络主体沿最大水平主应力方向扩展,局部改造段裂缝扩展呈双翼扩展,液体波及裂缝网络长度为地震解释结果的52%~70%;(3)RDPEI模型避免了单因素分析的局限性,实现了对可采性、可压性与重复压裂3类指数的定量预测;(3)实例井重复压裂测试页岩气产量提高了38.9%,1年累计产气量提高了62.5%,增产效果明显。结论认为,重复压裂是提高页岩气单井最终可采储量的有效可行手段,该研究方法为页岩水平井重复压裂层段优选与效果评估提供了理论与技术支撑。     

页岩气微地震压裂实时监测技术——以四川盆地蜀南地区为例

长水平井段多井拉链式水力压裂是提高四川盆地蜀南地区页岩气产量和降本增效的重要手段。微地震压裂监测因其能够对水力压裂裂缝进行实时成像而被广泛应用于页岩气压裂效果评估和压裂参数优化调整。但目前国内页岩气微地震压裂监测仅能按照压裂监测前设计的参数完成平台井压裂作业后才能评估压裂效果,其评估结果只能为下一个平台井的压裂参数提供指导,缺少对正实施井进行实时优化压裂参数的经验,致使微地震压裂监测的实时作用失效。为此,利用放射状排列微地震地面监测和微地震井中联合监测技术,采用实时定位方法,对四川盆地蜀南地区页岩气长水平井段多井拉链式水力压裂裂缝进行实时成像,实时评估压裂效果,现场实时指导了前置液参数、射孔、暂堵剂的投放时间等参数的优化,有效避免了重复压裂、压裂效果不均等现象,提升了压裂改造效果。2口井组的实践结果表明,微地震压裂实时监测在实时评估压裂效果和实时优化压裂参数方面能够发挥重要作用,平均测试页岩气产量增加2~5倍,值得进一步借鉴和推广。     

一种降低微震定位误差的偏振分析方法

目前微地震监测技术已成为地球物理界的热门技术之一。对于微地震震源定位,主流的初至时差分析方法由于方程组局部极值、初至拾取困难以及波速恒定假设等问题,极易产生超定或欠定的误差,而且未考虑有效数据不足的情况。为此,利用所测量的检波器姿态信息,计算出参考校正角,并将垂直、径向和切向分量数据校正为标准的三分量数据,以此提取同型波来计算偏振角,所获取的偏振角数据一方面可进行定位求解,另一方面也可对三分量数据进行进一步的校正,以提高时差分析中初至拾取的准确性;综合偏振角极化分析与初至时差分析两种方法建立了最小误差优化模型,实现了更为复杂地质条件下的联合定位,降低了定位误差。最后对数值模拟实验和野外实验结果进行了统计分析,结果表明:最优化联合定位方法能够大大降低定位误差且在有效数据不足的情况下仍能保证较好的定位效果,有效数据在9组以上时的定位误差小于7 m。     

气藏型储气库微地震监测系统设计及应用

地下储气库（以下简称储气库）设计注采运行30~50年,安全问题是储气库注采运行的重中之重。为保障储气库长期安全平稳运行,除常规监测手段外,微地震实时监测技术是储气库断层、盖层、储层及井筒监测的有效手段。新疆H储气库是国内最大陆相储气库,断裂较多,砂体变化较快,针对不同观测系统,采用微地震实时监测系统可论证监测范围、最小震级、定位精度等,在此基础上优选最优的微地震监测系统设计方案。研究过程中监测井采用“6口浅井、3口半深井”的组合井监测方式,监测能级为-0.6~-0.5级,定位精度为30 m,地面监测系统利用太阳能供电,数据采集系统通过无线传输方式,并应用微地震数据体处理解释和观测系统,实现对储气库高强度注采运行过程中动态密封性的实时监测与分析。经过5年的现场监测实践证明,该监测系统现场应用方便,灵敏度高,监测反馈速度快,能够精确地识别生产活动引起的微地震事件,有效指导了储气库注采运行过程中参数优化调整,保障了安全平稳高效运行。     

Activation characteristics analysis on concealed fault in the excavating coal roadway based on microseismic monitoring technique

In order to effectively monitor the concealed fault activation process in excavation activities, based on the actual condition of a working face containing faults with high outburst danger in Xin Zhuangzi mine in Huainan, China, we carried out all-side tracking and monitoring on the fault activation process and development trend in excavation activities by establishing a microseismic monitoring system. The results show that excavation activities have a rather great influence on the fault activation. With the working face approaching the fault, the fault activation builds up and the outburst danger increases; when the excavation activities finishes, the fault activation tends to be stable. The number of microseismic events are corresponding to the intensity of fault activation, and the distribution rules of microseismic events can effectively determine the fault occurrence in the mine. Microseismic monitoring technique is accurate in terms of detecting geologic tectonic activities, such as fault activations lying ahead during excavation activities. By utilizing this technique, we can determine outburst danger in excavation activities in time and accordingly take effective countermeasures to prevent and reduce the occurrence of outburst accidents.     

Research Developments and Prospects on Microseismic Source Location in Mines

Microseismic source location is the essential factor in microseismic monitoring technology, and its location precision has a large impact on the performance of the technique. Here, we discuss the problem of low-precision location identification for microseismic events in a mine, as may be obtained using conventional location methods that are based on arrival time. In this paper, microseismic location characteristics in mining are analyzed according to the characteristics of the mine’s microseismic wavefield. We review research progress in mine-related microseismic source location methods in recent years, including the combination of the Geiger method with the linear method, combined microseismic event location method, optimization of relative location method, location method without pre-measured velocity, and location method without arrival time picking. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed, along with their feasible conditions. The influences of geophone distribution, first arrival time picking, and the velocity model on microseismic source location are analyzed, and measures are proposed to influence these factors. Approaches to solve the problem under study include adopting information fusion, combining and optimizing existing methods, and creating new methods to realize high-precision microseismic source location. Optimization of the velocity structure, along with applications of the time-reversal imaging technique, passive time-reversal mirror, and relative interferometric imaging, are expected to greatly improve microseismic location precision in mines. This paper also discusses the potential application of information fusion and deep learning methods in microseismic source location in mines. These new and innovative location methods for microseismic source location have extensive prospects for development.     

深部高应力区采矿研究综述

进入深部的高应力区采矿是未来几十年内我国矿业发展的必然趋势.阐述了南非、加拿大、澳大利亚、波兰、印度和智利等国的深部高应力区采矿的研究现状,介绍了对高应力区诱发的岩爆等地质灾害的破坏机理、预防预测、支护控制等的最近的研究成果,并提出了未来我国矿山的主要发展方向,为我国硬岩矿山探索和研究深部高应力区的采矿技术与灾害预测、控制理论和确保矿山的安全生产打下了基础.