煤基液体产物中酚类化合物的组成研究

以5种不同煤加工转化过程得到的液体产物煤衍生油为原料，研究了其中酚类化合物的组成与分布特征。首先将不同煤衍生油蒸馏切取富含酚170～210 ℃酚油馏分，采用酸碱抽提法提取其富集酚类组分，其次对富集酚类组分进行硅醚衍生化预处理，最后利用GC/MS详细分析了酚油馏分中酚类化合物的组成与分布。结果表明:不同煤衍生油的酚油馏分中酚类化合物主要由烷基苯酚、茚满醇、苯二酚3种类型组成，其中烷基苯酚均占90%以上。4号CDO其酚类类型包括烷基苯酚、茚满醇、苯二酚3部分，其中烷基苯酚占92.4%。低级酚占全部酚类的86.1%，高级酚占13.9%;2号CDO其酚类类型由烷基苯酚、苯二酚2部分组成，其中烷基苯酚占99.89%。低级酚占全部酚类的99.5%，高级酚仅占0.5%;1号CDO和3号CDO其酚类类型只包含烷基苯酚类，高温炼焦产生的1号CDO全部以低级酚为主。3号CDO低级酚占全部酚类的98.4%，高级酚占1.6%;5号CDO其酚类类型包括烷基苯酚、茚满醇2部分，其中烷基苯酚占94.8%。低级酚占全部酚类的91.6%，高级酚含量占8.4%。因此，应足够重视不同煤衍生油中低级酚的提取利用。     

Dynamics of a family of continued fraction maps

We explore the dynamics of a 1-parameter family of continued fraction maps of the unit interval. The family contains as special instances the Gauss continued fraction map and the Fibonacci map. We determine the transfer operators of these dynamical maps and prove that the Denjoy–Minkowski measure is a common invariant measure of the family. We show that their analytic invariant measures obey a common functional equation generalizing Lewis’ functional equation and we find a.c. invariant measures for some members of the family. We also discuss a certain involution of this family which sends the Gauss map to the Fibonacci map relating Riemann's zeta function to the so-called Fibonacci zeta function.     

我国非金属矿工业的发展动态与展望

本文在论述了非金属矿产的特点及其在国民经济建设中的地位、作用基础上,回顾了我国非金属矿工业的发展现状及当前存在的主要问题,并对今后的发展提出展望。     

纳米二氧化钛制备技术的发展(续)

总结归纳了各种制备方法所具有的特点，分析研究了非金属矿物的特性和环境效应。在比较分析的基础上，提出了采用微波法制备非金属矿物——纳米二氧化钛复合材料的方法，获得功能性纳米二氧化钛。     

关于超大型非金属矿床研究问题

在前后10a的时间内，超大型矿床研究是国际和国内矿床学界的重要研究课题之一。开展超大型非金属矿床的研究具有重要的理论意义和巨大的实际意义，也是今后几年内我国非金属矿床学领域中的重要研究方向之一。如何开展研究，在研究工作中有一些问题要引起注意。     

Toxicity vs mutagenicity of some crude oils,distillates and their water soluble fractions

Ames tests conducted on a range of oils and oil products (Kuwait crude, Saran Gach crude, Diesel 25, Bunker C, used motor oil) confirmed the mutagenicity of used (crankcase) motor oil. The other oils, when tested whole, were either toxic or showed no significant mutagenicity. Water-soluble fractions (WSF) of all products, including WSF of used crankcase oil, also gave no significant indication of mutagenicity. However, in several tests (including both whole oils and WSF-preparations) MR values (ratio of induced revertants to spontaneous revertants) between 1.3 and 1.8 were obtained which, while not significantly indicative of mutagenicity, exceeded non-mutagenic background levels.In contrast to the non-mutagenicity of the whole Kuwait crude oil, parallel assays of chromatographically obtained fractions showed significant mutagenicity in the F4 (acetone or methanol) fraction (presumed to be a strongly polar, DMSO-soluble large molecular weight component of Kuwait crude). This mutagenicity was not enhanced by metabolic activation. None of the other fractions showed evidence of mutagenicity. However, marked toxicity was associated with the F1 (hexane) fraction of the oil.The data suggest that low mutagenicity scores of crude oils and oil products could result from the masking of mutagenic activity of some components by the toxicity of other components of these products.     

Long-term impact of anaerobic reaction time on the performance and granular characteristics of granular denitrifying biological phosphorus removal systems

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus (P) from wastewater is successfully and widely practiced in systems employing both granular sludge technology and enhanced biological P removal (EBPR) processes; however, the key parameter, anaerobic reaction time (AnRT), has not been thoroughly investigated. Successful EBPR is highly dependent on an appropriate AnRT, which induces carbon and polyphosphate metabolism by phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). Therefore, the long-term impact of AnRT on denitrifying P removal performance and granular characteristics was investigated in three identical granular sludge sequencing batch reactors with AnRTs of 90 (R1), 120 (R2) and 150 min (R3). The microbial community structures and anaerobic stoichiometric parameters related to various AnRTs were monitored over time. Free nitrite acid (FNA) accumulation (e.g., 0.0008–0.0016 mg HNO₂–N/L) occurred frequently owing to incomplete denitrification in the adaptation period, especially in R3, which influenced the anaerobic/anoxic intracellular intermediate metabolites and activities of intracellular enzymes negatively, resulting in lower levels of poly-P and reduced activity of polyphosphate kinase. As a result, the Accumulibacter-PAOs population decreased from 51 ± 2.5% to 43 ± 2.1% when AnRT was extended from 90 to 150 min, leading to decreased denitrifying P removal performance. Additionally, frequent exposure of microorganisms to the FNA accumulation and anaerobic endogenous conditions in excess AnRT cases (e.g., 150 min) stimulated increased extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production by microorganisms, resulting in enhanced granular formation and larger granules (size of 0.6–1.2 mm), but decreasing anaerobic PHA synthesis and glycogen hydrolysis. Phosphorus removal capacity was mediated to some extent by EPS adsorption in granular sludge systems that possessed more EPS, longer AnRT and relatively higher GAOs.     

Adsorption of Zn(II) in Oxisols as affected by selective removal of soil fractions

The relative contribution of organic matter, amorphous and crystalline Fe oxides and Al oxides to soil Zn adsorption was evaluated in contaminated and uncontaminated Brazilian soils. Soil samples were equilibrated with Zn solutions and Zn adsorption was determined using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The Fe and Al oxides (non‐silicated clays) and the organic matter contents of the soils were the main contributors to the variation in Zn adsorption. The Zn maximum adsorption capacity in the soil with the greatest sand and organic carbon contents was higher than in the higher clay content soil, which was second in organic carbon content. Related to the whole soil samples, as the soil organic matter was removed, the Zn maximum adsorption capacity decreased in most of the observations. The removal of Fe and Al oxides decreased the soil Zn maximum adsorption capacity in some cases and increased it in others, with no clear variation in the pathway. For both whole soil and soil fractions, the isotherms for Zn adsorption to soil, fitted to the Langmuir equation, showed two linear portions or pathways (Part I and Part II). The bonding energy coefficient was higher in Part I (related to specific chemical adsorption) than in Part II (related to electrostatic interactions), which suggests a higher affinity between Zn and soil particles in Part I as compared with Part II.