水平管段塞流特性及参数研究方法讨论

天然气于当前时代因其具有热值高、储量大而且污染小的能源而被广泛应用于各行业的生产中。油田伴生气是天然气的一项主要来源,为了提高经济性,用单条管道实行油气混输输至下游是一种常见的输送方式,这就有必要对复杂的多相流进行多方面的分析。在混输管路中,段塞流自身具有流动参数不稳定、流动形式复杂、给下游设施危害极大而又广泛存在于各种多相流的管路等不利因素,在设法减小甚至是消除段塞流之前,我们需要对段塞流的形成及流动特点等进行充分研究。当前对于多相流管路中流动的研究大体上以数值模拟和设计实验两方面入手。选取了水平管路中的段塞流流动特性及参数进行两方面的讲述。     

Graphene Adsorption and Separation Functional Materials

Graphene and its derivatives have been considered intensively in the development and application of new types of adsorption and separation functional materials, due to its unique structure and superior performance. A comprehensive review on recent studies on adsorption and separation functional materials is given, including graphene, graphene oxide, graphene gel, graphene‐based sponge, graphene separation membrane as well as graphene continuous oil absorption and separation materials. Moreover, the preparation methods and application prospects are mainly utilized to illustrate the research progress. Especially, it is predicted that layered graphene membrane and graphene continuous oil absorption and separation materials may be the most research worthy.     

Flow modeling of high-viscosity fluids in pipeline infrastructure of oil and gas enterprises

Today, the issues related to solving the problem of finding an effective distribution of oil flows through the system of oil pipelines in order to reduce the total energy consumption are relevant. The solution to this problem is connected with selection of rational pumping modes for various technological sections of oil pipelines using modern methods of mathematical programming or new techniques for improving the energy and transport characteristics of oil.Reducing energy consumption during pumping of crude through oil trunk pipelines can be achieved by various methods. Numerous investigations in this direction are mainly carried out to save energy on separate single-line pipelines. However, due to the development of the network of trunk oil pipelines in the world over the past decades, the issues of energy efficient management of oil flows throughout the entire oil pipeline system of oil and gas enterprises become urgent.This paper analyses parameters for pipeline transport of high-viscosity and heavy oils. The article proposes a method for assessing the rheological properties of oil for further planning of pumping taking into account the preservation of oil quality and an increase in energy and transport characteristics. The proposed solutions and tasks for predicting changes in the viscosity-temperature characteristics of the flow for blends of different oil types are especially relevant in the current conditions of an increase in the share of oil production with complex rheological characteristics. Results of the presented investigations may be used for planning the measures of efficient transportation of high-viscosity and heavy oils.     

Companies

Net earnings after pre-tax profits. Profiles include: Anadarko Petroleum, Chevron Texaco, Conoco Phillips, Exxon Mobil, Occidental, Schlumberger, YPF SA, EnCana Corporation, Imperial Oil, Petroleo Brasileiro, Total SA, E.ON, ENI, Repsol, Ecopetrol SA, Norsk Hydro, Statoil, Devon Energy Corporation. BP, Shell, BHP Billiton, CNOOC, Sinopec and PetroChina. Updated on a monthly basis.     

Oil Demand and Stocks

Current data of world oil demand. This includes international bunkers and refinery fuel. Updated on a monthly basis. Current data of oil demand from counties such as Canada, the United States of America, Japan, OECD Europe, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Republic of Korea, and Turkey. Updated on a monthly basis. Current data for crude oil and refined product stocks in Canada, Chile, Mexico, the United States (Western Hemisphere), France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and Other Europe (Europe), Japan, Republic of Korea, Other Pacific (Asia-Pacific), and Total OECD (Table 12.1) Current data for refined product stocks in the OECD Western Hemisphere, OECD Europe, OECD Asia-Pacific and Total OECD. Products include gasoline, diesel and gasoil, and heavy fuel oil. Updated on a monthly basis (Table 12.2).     

Evaluation of Robustness of the Biosurfactant Derived from Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. is a widely distributed xerophytic multipurpose tree. The mesocarp of the fruit of B. aegyptiaca has detergent properties due to the presence of saponins. The stability potential of this biosurfactant at varying pH, temperature, and salinity has not been explored so far. In the present study, the relative surface tensions of five different concentrations of the biosurfactant were studied at different temperatures, salinity, and under pH conditions. This study reveals that this biosurfactant retains its activity over a wide range of pH (3–11) and at high salinity (7% NaCl). It is a thermostable cationic surfactant; surfactant activity was recorded even at 100 °C with the lowest relative surface tension of 0.47. High oil displacement (18.00 mm) was observed when studied with petrol. This biosurfactant was found to have a high emulsification index (E₂₄) of 70% with mustard oil. These results indicate that biosurfactant derived from B. aegyptiaca may find use in a wide range of sectors such as textile, food, cosmetics, oil recovery, and healthcare under a wide range of physical and chemical conditions. It offers an efficient, economically viable, and plant-derived alternative to synthetic detergents and adds a way to maintain a sustainable environment.     

Mineralogical and Geochemical Studies of Oil Shale Deposits in the Cretaceous/Paleogene succession at Quseir Area,Egypt

Cretaceous/Paleogene succession in Quseir area represents one of the most important economic sedimentary rocks, which contain phosphate and oil shale beds. Oil shale samples selected from nine mines around Quseir area were subjected to mineralogical, petrographical and geochemical analyses. As raveled by X-ray diffraction analysis, the oil shale samples are composed of calcite, quartz, dolomite, smectite, kaolinite, gypsum and pyrite. The petrographical investigation of the studied oil shales indicates the dominance of two microfacies: calcareous foraminiferal claystone and Calci-mudstone. The EDX results of oil shale samples show that the pyrite found as framboidal-disseminated particles in smectite. The high ratio of the sulfur and organic carbon contents in the selected mines indicate highly reducing environment. Five mines (El-Nakheil, Abu Tundub, Abu Tundub Bahree, El Beida and Hammadat) are markedly rich in organic content and can be considered as good to excellent source rock.     

Companies

Net earnings after pre-tax profits. Profiles include: Anadarko Petroleum, Chevron Texaco, Conoco Phillips, Exxon Mobil, Occidental, Schlumberger, YPF SA, EnCana Corporation, Imperial Oil, Petroleo Brasileiro, Total SA, E.ON, ENI, Repsol, Ecopetrol SA, Norsk Hydro, Statoil, Devon Energy Corporation. BP, Shell, BHP Billiton, CNOOC, Sinopec and PetroChina. Updated on a monthly basis.     

Evaluation of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of Chinese EIA in Myanmar: Myitsone Dam,the Lappadaung Copper Mine and the Sino-Myanmar oil and gas pipelines

The economic relationship between China and Myanmar is regarded as a win–win cooperation. However, Chinese investments, especially in extractive and natural resource sectors, are associated with a number of unwanted environmental consequences. Moreover, the environmental impact assessment (EIA) quality of Chinese enterprises has often been criticized. EIA identifies adverse impacts to the environment through evidence-based decision making. On this basis, this paper provides an evaluation of Chinese EIA performance within the natural resources sector through a structured review of 15 environmental impact statements (EISs). This research also evaluates the EISs of the three largest and most controversial projects, the Myitsone Hydropower Dam, Lappadaung Copper Mine and Sino-Myanmar oil and gas pipelines. The findings reveal several omissions, inadequacies and deficiencies in all the projects with a significant number of EISs falling short of satisfactory quality. Through the analysis, the paper summarizes the factors affecting the EIA performance and proposes feasible recommendations to improve EIA practices in Chinese development projects in Myanmar.     

塔里木克深致密砂岩气藏基质钻井液伤害评价

塔里木克深致密砂岩气藏储层基质致密，发育微纳米孔喉，毛管力作用明显，在钻井过程中受到钻井液侵入从而受到伤害，导致油气藏产能降低。常规稳态方法评价低渗致密储层钻井液伤害驱替压差大、稳定时间长，评价效率低。因此，在瞬态压力传导法的基础上建立渗透率数学模型，并使用拉氏变换对模型进行求解。基于模型的解，使用压力传导渗透率仪定量分析了钻井液对克深致密砂岩基质的伤害规律。实验结果表明，油基钻井液平均伤害率为31.24%，水基钻井液平均伤害率为23.67%。该研究成果为评价入井流体伤害提供新的思路。