Influence of thermal runaway in styrene–acrylonitrile bulk copolymerization revealed by computational fluid dynamics modeling

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and kinetic-based moment methods coupled approach is adopted to simulate the bulk copolymerization of styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) in a stirred tank reactor. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the impacts of impeller speed, monomer ratio, initiator ratio, and initial reaction temperature on the copolymerization process and product properties. Particularly, the Chaos theory is selected as a criterion for evaluating the occurrence of the thermal runaway. The Flory's and Stockmayer's distributions are employed to calculate chain length distribution and copolymer composition distribution of copolymer. The simulation results highlight that the appearance of thermal runaway can be postponed by properly increasing the rotation speed, decreasing the initiator loadings, initial acrylonitrile contents and initial reactor temperature. Furthermore, significant differences exist in the product properties that predicted by the ideal and non-ideal models, which demonstrates that the temperature heterogeneity plays a crucial role in SAN copolymerization. This study could offer references for the safe operation and design of polymerization processes.     

Weighted regularized extreme learning machine to model the discharge coefficient of side slots

In the current research, a modern learning machine algorithm named “Weighted Regularized Extreme Learning Machine (WRELM)" is implemented for the first time for the simulation of the coefficient of discharge of side slots. For this purpose, an effective variable on the coefficient of discharge of side slots is firstly introduced, then five distinctive WRELM models are produced by it for the estimation of the coefficient. In the next stage, a database is created for verification of WRELM results. it should be mentioned that 70% of the data are utilized for training the WRELM models, while the rest (i.e. 30%) for testing them. After that, the optimal number of hidden layer neurons as well as the best activation function of the WRELM algorithm are chosen. In addition, the best regularization parameter and also the weight function of the WRELM are achieved. By conducting a sensitivity analysis, the most effective variable for the simulation of the coefficient of discharge along with the WRELM superior model is introduced. The WRELM superior model estimates values of the coefficient of discharge with the maximum exactness and the highest correlation. For instance, the estimations of the correlation coefficient and scatter index for this model are computed to be 0.930 and 0.051, respectively. The sensitivity analysis shows that the ratio of the side slot crest height to its length and the Froude number should be considered as the most important input variables. A comparison between the WRELM with the ELM displays that the former works much better. Furthermore, an uncertainty analysis is executed for both models. Eventually, an equation is suggested for the estimation of the coefficient of discharge and a partial derivative sensitivity analysis is performed on it.     

低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间的诱导时间研究

为表征低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间矿化过程的差异,通过Sutherland理论下固体颗粒进入泡沫产品的总概率(E)和浮选速率常数(k)之间关系,并结合低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡的浮选速率试验,求得了低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间的诱导时间。浮选实验研究表明,在相同的捕收剂消耗量下低阶煤-油泡浮选产率均高于低阶煤-气泡浮选产率。诱导时间测试表明,低阶煤颗粒-油泡间的诱导时间(35 ms)要明显低于低阶煤颗粒-气泡间的诱导时间(93 ms)。上述实验结果表明,油泡表面的疏水性要强于传统浮选气泡表面的疏水性。然而,进一步利用Sutherland理论中固体颗粒进入泡沫产品的总概率和浮选速率常数之间的数学关系,并结合低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡的浮选速率试验求得的低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间的诱导时间分别为9.67和8.46 ms,其与诱导时间测试仪分别测量的诱导时间差异很大。这主要是由于在实际浮选过程中气/油泡的上升速度分别为23.26和22.68 cm/s,其远高于2015EZ型诱导时间仪测试过程中气/油泡碰撞速度(2.0 cm/s)。因此,诱导时间理论计算表明气泡-颗粒间的碰撞速度对颗粒-气泡间的诱导时间影响很大。上述研究结果表明油泡浮选效果优于传统浮选的内在原因在于低阶煤颗粒-油泡间的诱导时间小于低阶煤颗粒-气泡间的诱导时间。     

应用组合起泡剂优化黑、白钨混合浮选

针对湖南某钨选厂使用杂醇类起泡剂BK205所产生的泡沫小、性脆、泡沫层薄等不利于二次浮选的特点,采用BK205与新型醚类起泡剂CU组合使用以便实现矿石中钨矿物的高效回收。结果表明,在采用BK205与新型醚类起泡剂CU组合质量比为3∶1、先BK205后CU的加药方式下,小型闭路试验得到精矿WO3品位为30.13%,回收率为78.98%。工业试验表明,组合起泡剂不仅改善浮选泡沫,减少药剂用量,降低药剂成本,而且能获得比原起泡剂更好的工业指标,使钨矿物得到更高效的回收。     

内蒙古某银铅锌矿选矿试验研究

对内蒙古含银铅锌矿石进行了浮选分离工艺研究。在查明矿石的主要矿物组成及嵌布特征的基础上,依据矿石特性采用铜铅混选-锌浮选的工艺流程进行选矿试验,从含银310.92g/t、铅6.10%、锌4.95%的矿石中获得含铅76.63%、含银3 659.74g/t、铅回收率为91.50%、银回收率为87.11%的铅精矿和含锌55.48%、含银282.84g/t、锌回收率为89.15%、银回收率为7.34%的锌精矿。实现了矿石中银、铅、锌的综合回收。     

朝凯煤矿露天台阶爆破装药结构优化应用研究

本文以神达朝凯煤矿正在开采的台阶为工程背景,针对该矿在台阶爆破过程中存在着大块率高、根底多的现象,通过改变装药结构的方式对爆破参数进行优化。实践证明,优化后大块率和根底问题的治理效果明显。     

华北土石山区典型小流域土壤水文特征与模拟研究

土壤水文特征是研究区域水土资源合理配置的基础支撑要素,根据华北土石山区土壤的地貌分异规律,综合考虑地质、植被、土地利用等因素,采用野外调查取样法、环刀法等,研究了易县崇陵流域5种典型植被(油松、侧柏、银杏、刺槐、荆条)条件下的土壤物理性质、土壤水分特征曲线、土壤入渗过程等土壤水文特征。结果表明,同一植被条件下,土壤容重随土壤深度增加逐渐增大,同一深度条件下,荆条覆盖下的土壤容重最小,其他植被覆盖条件下的土壤容重差别不显著;同一植被条件下,随深度增加,饱和含水率逐渐减小,同一植被不同深度条件下的土壤水吸力随土壤含水率的增加逐渐减小;对土壤水分特征曲线进行拟合时,发现Gardner模型适用于油松和银杏,而张景略模型适用于侧柏、刺槐和荆条;土壤入渗过程的渗润阶段发生在土壤入渗开始的前10min内,渗漏阶段持续100~120min;侧柏最佳入渗模型为Kostiakov模型,而油松、银杏、刺槐及荆条最佳入渗模型为蒋定生模型。     

响应面曲线法优化贵州某磷块岩浮选工艺研究

对贵州某沉积钙质磷块岩进行了浮选工艺研究。采用H₂SO₄为氟磷灰石抑制剂、BW-1为白云石捕收剂,进行了浮选单因素试验; 在此基础上进行了正交试验,并采用响应面曲线法进行了浮选条件优化。确定了最佳浮选条件为: 磨矿细度-0.074 mm粒级占60%、H₂SO₄用量13.20 kg/t和BW-1用量400 g/t。采用一段反浮选试验流程,可得到精矿品位30.94%、回收率92.45%的磷精矿。研究结果表明,磨矿细度与H₂SO₄用量的交互作用对精矿品位影响显著,H₂SO₄用量和BW-1用量的交互作用对精矿回收率影响显著。     

Effect of ultrasound on the true flotation of lignite and its entrainment behavior

In this study, the ultrasound was fixed in the pulp zone of flotation cell and its effect on the true flotation of lignite was analyzed. Flotation results indicated that the simultaneous ultrasound treatment increased the concentrate yield and decreased the concentrate ash content. Screening analysis of flotation products revealed that the ultrasound could crush coarse coal to fine coal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests indicated that the ultrasound could reduce the coverage of high-ash coal fines on the coarse particle surface. Thus, the flotation recovery of coarse lignite particle was increased. In addition, the true flotation and entrainment of ?0.074 mm fine particles were studied by the sink-float test and the method of Trahar. It was found the ultrasound significantly enhanced the true flotation of fine particles and improved the overall water recovery in lignite flotation.     

某含铅金精矿中回收铅的试验研究

针对某金精矿中伴生铅含量高(含铅7.83%)的特点,为综合回收其中有价金属铅,详细查明金精矿中的组成成分以及铅的赋存状态,提出采用"抑硫浮铅"工艺。试验结果表明,采用该工艺处理此类含铅金精矿,可获得含铅61.94%、金75.40 g/t、银3 481.0 g/t、铅回收率88.10%的铅精矿以及含金30.85 g/t、银682.6 g/t、铅1.08%的金精矿,实现了伴生金属铅的高效回收。