室内空气状况及污染防治措施

随着室内污染问题的日趋严重,我国室内空气污染状况、来源与危害及主要的防治措施也越来越受到关注。     

黄陵矿区煤矿井下围岩喷涌气体致灾机理及防治措施

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘黄陵矿区黄陵一号等煤矿在采掘过程中出现井下围岩大量气体喷涌现象,导致矿井停采停掘,对煤矿安全生产构成严重威胁。为了揭示喷涌气体的成因及致灾机理,以地面钻孔补充勘探和钻探资料及围岩气体地球化学参数测试数据为基础,采用气样地球化学特征分析、热演化史模拟、烃源岩对比、运移通道识别等多种方法,查明围岩气体的砂岩储集层平面及剖面分布特征,研究区内异常致灾围岩气体的成因类型和来源,分析围岩气体异常喷涌的致灾机理,建立以顶底板砂岩探抽为主的分源综合立体抽采防治模式。研究结果表明:(1)该区煤矿井下围岩气体喷涌具有突发性、隐蔽性、涌出集中和涌出量大等特点,涌出气体主要成分为甲烷,气体主要来源于围岩;(2)顶、底板围岩气体主要为原油伴生热解成因的油型气,生气源岩为上三叠统延长组长7等段腐泥型主力烃源岩,经燕山运动形成的北东向基底断层及其周围大规模垂直裂缝运移而来;(3)油型气主要储集砂岩层呈区带式分布,受构造和岩性双重控制;(4)针对围岩油型气以游离态储集在砂岩中、由采动裂隙导通涌出的特点,采用分源综合立体抽采的防治模式进行围岩气灾害治理,取得了良好的治理效果。     

致病性弧菌及其噬菌体防治研究进展

弧菌广泛分布于海洋、咸水和淡水生态系统中，因其高丰度和高生物量使其在水生环境中发挥着关键作用，并成为人类和海洋动物的重要病原体。在过去的几十年间，随着海洋水产养殖业的快速增长，全球范围内弧菌相关疾病的报道越来越多。抗生素的使用是目前控制弧菌病爆发最常用的方法，但细菌耐药和超级细菌的问题又引起了人们的广泛关注。因此，噬菌体疗法在近年来得到了复兴。噬菌体不仅可以治疗细菌病也可以预防细菌病。然而，在为水产养殖业提供具有商业潜力的可靠、可重复的处理方法之前，仍有若干科学和技术挑战需要进一步研究。本文综述了致病性弧菌及其噬菌体防治的潜力和挑战。     

Incidence and costs of bicycle-related traumatic brain injuries in the Netherlands

The main cause of death and serious disability in bicycle accidents is traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this population-based study was to assess the incidence and costs of bicycle-related TBI across various age groups, and in comparison to all bicycle-related injuries, to identify main risk groups for the development of preventive strategies.Data from the National Injury Surveillance System and National Medical Registration were used for all patients with bicycle-related injuries and TBI who visited a Dutch emergency department (ED) between 1998 and 2012. Demographics and national, weighted estimates of injury mechanism, injury severity and costs were analysed per age group. Direct healthcare costs and indirect costs were determined using the incidence-based Dutch Burden of Injury Model.Between 1998 and 2012, the incidence of ED treatments due to bicycle-related TBI strongly increased with 54%, to 43 per 100,000 persons in 2012. However, the incidence of all bicycle-related injuries remained stable, from 444 in 1998 to 456/100,000 in 2012. Incidence of hospital admission increased in both TBI (92%) and all injuries from cycling (71%). Highest increase in incidence of both ED treatments and hospital admissions was seen in adults aged 55+. The injury rate of TBI per kilometre travelled increased (44%) except in children, but decreased (−4%) for all injuries, showing a strong decrease in children (−36%) but an increase in men aged 25+, and women aged 15+. Total costs of bicycle-related TBI were €74.5 million annually. Although bicycle-related TBI accounted for 9% of the incidence of all ED treatments due to cycling, it accounted for 18% of the total costs due to all bicycle-related injuries (€410.7 million). Children and adolescents (aged 0–24) had highest incidence of ED treatments due to bicycle-related injuries. Men in the working population (aged 15–64) had highest indirect costs following injuries from cycling, including TBI. Older cyclists (aged 55+) were identified as main risk group for TBI, as they had highest ED attendance, injury rate, injury severity, admission to hospital or intensive care unit, and costs.Incidence of ED treatments due to cycling are high and often involve TBI, imposing a high burden on individuals and society. Older cyclists aged 55+ were identified as main risk group for TBI to be targeted in preventive strategies, due to their high risk for (serious) injuries and ever-increasing share of ED visits and hospital admissions.     

大型超市的安全疏散设计

针对大型超市这种新兴商业建筑,提出了其安全疏散设计的重要性、特殊性,并以《建筑设计防火规范》为依据,从安全疏散人数、安全疏散总宽度、安全疏散距离三方面,归纳出公式并伴以事例阐述了大型超市的安全疏散设计方法。     

城市防渍减灾规划思考

防治城市渍水应走出“重排不重防”的误区,应积极研究开发“基于GIS的城市防渍减灾决策支持系统”,并建立生态性的城市防渍规划体系     

防避·适用·创造——地区建筑演进机制诠释

该文旨在走出当前地区建筑保护与发展研究的误区,借助于生物进化的理论解析不同地区建筑进化过程中与生态、资源、经济技术、社会文化的关系所呈现的建筑表征,挖掘其蕴含的内在机制与建筑的永恒之道,为地区人居环境的可持续发展提供了清晰的思路.     

磷肥厂氟化物对周边农作物的危害与防治

对云南三环化工有限公司厂界周边农作物中氟化物含量进行常年的跟踪监测,分析氟化物排放对厂界周边农作物的危害。结果表明,氟化物污染危害程度与烟囱排放高度、气象条件、排放浓度及农作物本身抗性等因素有关,提出了氟化物污染的防治对策和建议。     

电动自行车消防安全问题及火灾防范对策

近年来,电动自行车成为广大居民出行的重要交通工具,但是电动自行车引发的火灾也呈不断上升趋势,给人民的生命财产安全造成了重大损失.电动自行车消防安全问题也引起了社会的广泛关注,做好电动自行车的消防安全工作能有效减少和遏制电动自行车火灾的发生.文章通过对电动自行车存在的消防安全问题进行分析,提出了一些相应的火灾防范对策.     

我国瓦斯灾害防治技术及手段探究

瓦斯灾害是我国煤矿主要灾害之一,我国煤矿能否安全生产在很大程度上要取决于瓦斯灾害的治理效果。我国煤矿瓦斯灾害存在着发生因素多,治理难度大等顽症,这对于我国煤矿安全技术人员始终是工作的症结所在。本文通过分析目前煤矿瓦斯灾害治理工作现状和趋势,提出了我国煤矿在此方面面临的挑战和急需开展的研究工作。在此基础上综合分析了我国瓦斯治理技术的发展过程中常用的瓦斯灾害治理技术及手段。以期煤矿技术人员因地制宜,采取相应措施治理瓦斯灾害,保证生产安全。