超低渗油藏在线分流酸化增注技术研究与应用

酸化是超低渗油藏最有效的增注措施之一，但由于储层物性差、非均质性强等问题，造成目前常规酸化措施普遍具有施工周期长、有效率低、有效作用距离短等不足，且酸化过程中存在指进现象和储层二次伤害。针对这一问题，选取鄂尔多斯盆地环江油田三叠系超低渗油藏为研究对象，提出了在线分流酸化技术，并配套研制了一种多元缓速螯合酸COA-1S和一种新型的水溶性分流剂COA-1P。通过室内评价实验和在线分流酸化模拟实验，发现该技术在缓速性、配伍性、水溶性、螯合能力和暂堵功能等方面均显著优于常规酸化；现场先导性实验结果表明，酸化后剖面吸水均匀程度从28.5%上升至50.9%，视吸水指数增加2倍左右，降压增注效果显著；同时，该技术还具有“不停井、不泄压、不动管柱、不返排”的特点，简化了常规分流酸化工序、降低了安全环保风险，是一种能够很好地适应超低渗油藏特征的酸化增注技术。     

稀土石膏常压酸化法制备硫酸钙晶须的研究

以含稀土的石膏为原料运用常压酸化法合成硫酸钙晶须,探讨了不同工艺条件对生成的硫酸钙晶须形貌的影响,同时还考察了晶型助长剂的种类和晶型助长剂的含量对硫酸钙晶须生长的影响,利用SEM和XRD分别对硫酸钙晶须的表面形貌、物相特征做了表征分析。实验得到制备硫酸钙晶须的最佳的反应条件：稀土石膏质量浓度为0.22 g/mL、反应时间为25 min、盐酸浓度为2.8 mol/L、反应温度为70 ℃、陈化时间为4 h,在此条件下合成的硫酸钙晶须平均长度为61 μm,平均长径比为30.5;通过对比实验选出了CuCl₂作为促进硫酸钙晶须生长的助长剂,在添加5%（质量分数）的CuCl₂的情况下可使硫酸钙晶须长径比从30.5增至41,长度从61 μm增至81 μm。     

Acidification of the electrolyte during the galvanic corrosion of AA7075: A numerical and experimental study

The electrochemical interactions between aluminum alloy 7075 and low-carbon steels under gelled electrolytes were studied. Such electrolytes provided the opportunity to investigate both thick and thin electrolyte systems. The electrolyte was chemically modified to visually track the acidic fronts during the anodic reaction and the subsequent hydrolysis process. Two mathematical models were validated for both thick and ultrathin electrolytes. The acidification of thick electrolytes was extended some millimeters beyond the aluminum alloy surface, whereas the acidic front was localized next to the metallic joint using ultrathin electrolytes. The combination of both numerical and experimental results allows proving (and explaining why) that the acidification process is more aggressive under dilute than under concentrated electrolytes.     

纺织工业印染废水处理实例

江西某纺织企业采用初沉+水解酸化+CASS+混凝沉淀吸附+过滤组合工艺处理纺织工业印染废水,处理水量为8 000 m3/d。调试运行结果表明,当进水COD、BOD5、SS分别为2 000、450、300 mg/L,色度为800倍时,出水COD、BOD5、SS分别为54、10、30 mg/L,色度为30倍,平均COD、BOD5、SS和色度去除率分别为97.3%、97.8%、90.0%和96.3%,出水水质稳定,达到《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 4287—2012)中新建企业水污染物排放限值的要求。     

微电解—水解酸化-硝化反硝化工艺处理假发生产废水

采用微电解—水解酸化-硝化反硝化工艺处理假发生产废水,微电解去除废水中的色度和其他污染物,并提高废水的可生化性,以利于后续生化处理;水解酸化提高后续处理的容积负荷,提高去除效率,对进水中有机氮的氨化作用明显,硝化反硝化可将水解产生的NH3-N全部转化。运行结果表明,进水COD为1 100 mg/L、氨氮为120 mg/L的情况下,该工艺降解COD及脱氮效果良好;处理工艺保证系统出水COD〈40 mg/L,氨氮〈5 mg/L,达到了《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

一种用于处理含磷废水的新型纳米材料探究

本实验以海泡石等不同材料作为主体,酸化不同的时间并以不同的金属盐对其进行改性,制备出不同的纳米除磷剂并比较其除磷效果的差异。结果表明,制备这种新型除磷剂的最佳酸化时间为6h;四种不同的改性盐中,使用氯化镧进行改性时制备的除磷剂除磷效果最好,达到96%;以海泡石做主体制备的除磷剂对磷的去除率可达到94%,高于膨润土的87%。     

水解酸化／两段生物接触氧化法处理锦纶6生产废水

锦纶6生产废水为可生化性良好的含氮有机废水，采用水解酸化-两段生物接触氧化工艺处理该废水，考察了硝化液回流比、水力停留时间及溶解氧浓度对处理效果的影响。结果表明，在硝化液回流比为3、水力停留时间为12．1h以及水解酸化池和1 ^#、2^#接触氧化池的溶解氧浓度分别为（0．5～1．0）、（3．0～3．5）和（1．8～2．3）mg／L的条件下，系统的处理效果最好，对COD和TN的去除率分别为95．85％和61．04％，出水水质达到了《污水综合排放标准》的一级标准。     

含油废水处理后回用于港区除尘系统的设计与运行

介绍了某含油废水回用工程的设计、运行和管理,该回用工程设计处理量为400 m3／d。采用了水解酸化预处理+生物接触氧化+生物活性炭的处理工艺,处理后的出水用于港区煤炭储存场的除尘系统。运行结果表明,本工程的处理出水水质明显优于生活杂用水水质标准的要求,出水可用于冲洗地面、洒水抑尘等用途。     

Potential acidifying capacity of deposition experiences from regions with high NH4+ and dry deposition in China

Acid rain may cause soil acidification possibly leading to indirect forest damage. Assessment of acidification potential of atmospheric deposition is problematic where dry and occult deposition is significant. Furthermore, uncertainty is enhanced where a substantial part of the potential acidity is represented by deposition of ammonium (NH(4)(+)) since the degree of assimilation and nitrification is not readily available. Estimates of dry deposition based on deposition velocity are highly uncertain and the models need to be verified or calibrated by field measurements of total deposition. Total deposition may be monitored under the forest canopy. The main problem with this approach is the unknown influence of internal bio-cycling. Moreover, bio-cycling may neutralize much of the acidity by leaching of mainly K(+). When the water percolates down into the rooting zone this K(+) is assimilated again and acidity is regenerated. Most monitoring stations only measure deposition. Lacking measurements of output flux of both NH(4)(+) and NO(3)(-) from the soil one cannot assess current net N transformation rates. Assumptions regarding the fate of ammonium in the soil have strong influence on the estimated acid load. Assuming that all the NH(4)(+) is nitrified may lead to an overestimation of the acidifying potential. In parts of the world where dry deposition and ammonium are important special consideration of these factors must be made when assessing the acidification potential of total atmospheric loading. In China dry and occult deposition is considerable and often greater than wet deposition. Furthermore, the main part of the deposited N is in its reduced state (NH(4)(+)). The IMPACTS project has monitored the water chemistry as it moves through watersheds at 5 sites in China. This paper dwells at two important findings in this study. 1) Potassium leached from the canopy by acid rain is assimilated again upon entering the mineral soil. 2) Nitrification apparently mainly takes place in forest floor (H- and O-) horizon as NH(4)(+) that escapes this horizon is efficiently assimilated in the A-horizon. This suggests that the potential acidification capacity of the deposition may be found in the throughfall and forest floor solution by treating K(+) and NH(4)(+), respectively, as acid cations in a base neutralization capacity (BNC) calculation.     

硫酸盐对抗生素废水厌氧生物处理的影响

采用水解酸化反应器与复合厌氧反应器组合工艺处理高浓度抗生素废水 ,试验结果表明 ,水解酸化反应器最大容积负荷可达 16 .84kgCOD/ (m3·d) ,有效降低了毒性物质的抑制作用 ;复合厌氧反应器最大容积负荷可达 8.5 7kgCOD/ (m3·d) ;系统进水最大SO2 - 4浓度为 132 5mg/L ,COD/SO2 - 4值最低为 3,COD与SO2 - 4的总去除率分别为 75 .5 %和 95 .2 % ,对各种抑制物质和冲击负荷表现出很好的适应性。试验证明 ,水解酸化—厌氧消化工艺可以有效消除SO2 - 4对厌氧处理的影响 ,对于处理高浓度抗生素废水是经济可行的