Low-temperature constrained sintering of YSZ electrolyte with Bi2O3 sintering sacrificial layer for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have strong potential for next-generation energy conversion systems. However, their high processing temperature due to multi-layer ceramic components has been a major challenge for commercialization. In particular, the constrained sintering effect due to the rigid substrate in the fabrication process is a main reason to increase the sintering temperature of ceramic electrolyte. Herein, we develop a bi-layer sintering method composed of a Bi₂O₃ sintering sacrificial layer and YSZ main electrolyte layer to effectively lower the sintering temperature of the YSZ electrolyte even under the constrained sintering conditions. The Bi₂O₃ sintering functional layer applied on the YSZ electrolyte is designed to facilitate the densification of YSZ electrolyte at the significantly lowered sintering temperature and is removed after the sintering process to prevent the detrimental effects of residual sintering aids. Subsequent sublimation of Bi₂O₃ was confirmed after the sintering process and a dense YSZ monolayer was formed as a result of the sintering functional layer-assisted sintering process. The sintering behavior of the Bi₂O₃/YSZ bi-layer system was systematically analyzed, and material properties including the microstructure, crystallinity, and ionic conductivity were analyzed. The developed bi-layer sintered YSZ electrolyte was employed to fabricate anode-supported SOFCs, and a cell performance comparable to a conventional high temperature sintered (1400 °C) YSZ electrolyte was successfully demonstrated with significantly reduced sintering temperature (<1200 °C).     

Effect of sintering conditions on structural and morphological properties of Y- and Co-doped BaZrO3 proton conductors

BaZrO₃-based materials doped with a trivalent cation have excellent chemical stability and relatively high proton conductivity which makes them potential proton conducting oxide materials for various electrochemical device applications such as hydrogen processing, high-temperature electrolysis, and solid electrolyte in fuel cells. However, BaZrO₃ showed poor sinterability, requiring high sintering temperatures (1700–2100 °C) with longtime sintering (20–100 h) to achieve the desired microstructure and grain growth. This sintering problem can be solved by slightly doping BaZrO₃ with a sintering aid element. Therefore, in this study, two different zirconate proton conductors: BaZr_0·9Y_0·1O_3-α (BZY) and BaZr_0·955Y_0·03Co_0·015O_3-α (BZYC) were sintered in an air atmosphere and an oxygen atmosphere for 20 h in the temperature range of 1500–1640 °C. The sinterability was evaluated by analyzing the XRD diffraction patterns, lattice constant, lattice strain, crystallite size, relative density, open porosity, closed porosity, surface morphology, grain size, and grain boundary distribution, using the XRD, SEM, EDX, and Archimedes density measurement methods. It is concluded that in an oxygen atmosphere, sintering aid Co not only improves the relative density but also produces highly dense fine particles with clear grain boundaries which are promising for electrochemical hydrogen device applications.     

Effect of sintering aids on the densification and electrical properties of SiO2 –containing Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 ceramic

In this work, five different metal-oxide additives (metal?=?Ba, Co, Fe, Li, and Mn) were examined as sintering aids and SiO₂ impurity scavengers for Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9 (SDC). 2?mol% additives were loaded into the SDC with ～150?ppm (moderately impure) and ～2000?ppm (highly impure) SiO₂. Ba-, Co-, Fe- and Mn-oxides showed comparative sintering-aid effect on both moderately- and highly-impure SDC specimens, but the sintering-assisting effect of Li-oxide was completely neutralized in highly impure SDC. Regarding electrical property, the deleterious effect of 2000?ppm SiO₂ impurity on the grain-boundary conduction of SDC can be effectively alleviated by adding Ba-, Co-, Fe-, or Mn-oxides. Microstructure analysis revealed that Ba-oxide reacted directly with SiO₂ and consequently enhanced grain-boundary conduction. By contrast, with the addition of Co-, Fe-, and Mn-oxides, the improved grain-boundary conductions of impure SDC were related to the scavenging reactions between Si, Ca (another original impurity) and Sm components.     

Role of MgO on densification and mechanical properties in spark plasma sintered Os0.9Re0.1B2 ceramic

To promote the densification and therefore the mechanical properties of boride-based ceramics, MgO was added as sintering aid into Os_0.9Re_0.1B₂ powders for densification by using spark plasma sintering (SPS). The Os_0.9Re_0.1B₂ powders were synthesized by mechanochemical method from powder mixture of Os, Re and amorphous B. The role of MgO on densification, phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties (hardness, fracture toughness and wear behavior) were studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), micro indentation and ball-on-disk tribometer. The results show that, with the introduction of MgO as sintering aid, the relative density of the Os_0.9Re_0.1B₂ ceramic samples increased. When the MgO content reached 9 wt%, the as-sintered sample is almost fully dense. No obvious regularity was found from the samples with the addition of different content of MgO. Vickers hardness values of the samples with 0, 3 wt% and 9 wt% MgO are found to be very close with each other within the experimental error (~30 GPa), while the sample with the addition of 6 wt% MgO exhibits the highest hardness of ~35 GPa. The fracture toughness of the samples is decreased slightly with the addition of MgO. The friction coefficient and wear rate of the sample with the addition of 6 wt% MgO was also found to be the lowest among all samples, which indicate best wear resistance. As a whole, with the addition content of 6 wt% MgO, the Os_0.9Re_0.1B₂ ceramic sample performs relatively excellent mechanical properties among four groups of samples.     

某校化工院一级学生实验室急救知识调查干预

了解化学与化工院大学生实验室安全和急救知识掌握现状,探讨提高大学生实验室安全和急救知识水平的有效途径。整群随机抽样法抽取湖南某校263名化工学院一年级学生,随机分为实验组和对照组,向实验组大学生发放实验室安全和急救知识速查手册并进行讲解,对照组则不进行任何干预,每组均于干预前和干预后发放实验室安全和急救知识问卷进行测试。结果表明:第一次调查发现2个组大约有12个题目(占总题目的 48%)的回答正确率低于60%;干预后,实验组有21个题目的回答正确率高于干预前。第一次调查时2个组有4个问题的回答正确率在80%以上,且实验组的干预无法提高其正确率。大学生实验室安全和急救知识水平亟待提高,进行有效的干预可以提高他们这方面的知识水平。     

助磨剂对钢渣粉磨效率及钢渣粉产品性能的影响

从钢渣粉产品质量特性及工艺参数等方面研究多种助磨剂对钢渣粉磨的影响.结果表明:所选择的助磨剂对钢渣的粉磨均有一定的助磨作用,表现在钢渣粉比表面积有所增加,钢渣粉活性指数有所提高,同时其初凝时间有所延长,终凝时间不变或缩短.掺助磨剂磨细钢渣的实际生产稳定可控,收到良好的降低能耗或提高产量的效果.     

矿渣粉磨用多孔膨胀珍珠岩复合助磨剂的研究

以多孔膨胀珍珠岩为载体,三乙醇胺、乙二醇、十二烷基苯磺酸钠和三聚磷酸钠为助磨剂复配了一种矿渣粉磨用多孔膨胀珍珠岩复合助磨剂,研究它对矿渣的助磨效果.将不同加入量的复合助磨剂在相同的粉磨条件下与矿渣共磨20～95 min,测定各矿渣粉的比表面积和45 μm筛余量,并与空白样品对比;然后对粉磨65 min所得的矿渣粉用图像分析仪和扫描电镜进行了形貌分析,用激光粒度分布仪进行了粒度分析;同时又研究了此复合助磨剂对矿渣-水泥体系标准稠度用水量、凝结时间、胶砂强度等各项性能的影响.结果表明:本试验的复合助磨剂的助磨效果好,对矿渣水泥的性能无损害且能够提高胶砂强度;矿渣的小磨试验中此复合助磨剂的最佳用量为矿渣质量的0.04%～0.08%,粉磨时间应大于35 min后矿渣粉中10～20 μm颗粒的含量相对空白明显增加.     

复合高效水泥助磨剂的研制及应用

采用实验室试验与生产企业试用相结合的技术路线,经过原料的优选和合理生产工艺参数的确立,由多种化工产品低温反应合成了低成本、低掺高效的水泥助磨剂。试验结果表明,研制的助磨剂在优化水泥颗粒组成方面显示了极为优良的性能,小于30μm的颗粒比例达到了80%左右,其最佳用量范围在0.009%～0.015%之间。助磨剂的用量在0.012%左右时,助磨剂用量的波动,对水泥性能指标的影响较小,这给生产控制带来方便。     

典型南方源水的有机高分子助凝研究

对我国南方某典型源水的有机高分子助凝效果进行了研究,分别进行了烧杯试验和中试验证。结果表明:阳离子型PAM是较适合当地水质情况的助凝剂,其投量应选在0.03～0.10mg/L,助凝效果最显著地体现在聚合氯化铝(PAC)投量≤2.0mg/L阶段;投加时间点应在PAC投加1min后;搅拌强度为100～300r/min;PAM溶液(浓度为0.1%～0.4%)放置二周其助凝效果也不会发生明显变化。在沉速试验中发现,助凝剂在不同投药时间点(如同时投药或1min后投药)的絮体形成和沉速差别明显,但在沉后静置20min后余浊差别甚微,这将导致不同设施在实施助凝处理时的效果不同。     

有关防冻泵送剂的若干思考

在寒冷地区，混凝土负温泵送施工技术是提高冬季施工效率的有效措施，但采用双掺防冻剂和泵送剂的方法不可取，科学合理的方法是采用防冻泵送剂。在目前尚无防冻泵送剂统一标准的情况下，参考JC475-92和JC473-92制定地方标准或企业标准是可行的。