Evaluation of particle recovery from microalgae

Coccoliths are micro-structured biomineral particles found in cell protective covering layers of coccolithophore species. They are mainly composed of CaCO₃ and their individual crystal entities are arranged in such a way that they construct complex and unique structures. This complexity is found down to the individual particle level and appears to have promising properties to offer. This study focuses on the essential step prior to any kind of implementation, which is the recovery of the material. It summarizes cleaning protocols found in literature, compares them for the first time for the same freshly cultivated material and addresses challenges that still need to be overcome. Further, it highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the best cleaning protocols, suggests optimizations with promising results and uses size distribution measurements to analyse the recovery efficiency. To that end, further characterization techniques, new for coccoliths, are introduced and used to improve our current knowledge of the particles behaviour.     

提高循环水浓缩倍数的方法

内蒙古亿利化学工业有限公司循环水补充水水质硬度、碱度高,在自然pH值运行下,循环水浓缩倍数最高只能控制在2倍,为了节省水资源,该公司采用加硫酸调节循环水pH值的方法降低循环水碱度来提高循环水浓缩倍数。     

掺合料复掺对水泥基材料孔溶液碱度的影响

通过测定低水胶比下复掺粉煤灰、矿渣、硅灰的水泥基复合体系孔溶液PH值，研究孔隙液碱度随矿物掺合料的种类、掺量、不同复配情况的变化规律和碱度变化的原因。结果表明，复掺粉煤灰、矿渣（或同时掺硅灰）的多组分水泥基体系各龄期孔隙液的PH值均低于纯水泥净浆；粉煤灰和矿渣等双掺的水泥基体系，总掺量小于等于40％时，随掺量增加，同龄期的孔隙液PH值降低，其主要原因是稀释效应和化学效应；总掺量相同，掺合料复掺方式不同的试样其碱度不尽相同。     

窑灰与粉煤灰复合作为混凝土掺合料的研究

以粉煤灰和窑灰与普通硅酸盐水泥组成的复合体为试验对象，采用新型水泥水化过程测定方法（仪器为非接触式电阻率测定仪）以及水化热测试方法，对粉煤灰一窑灰一水泥的水化过程进行了研究，结果表明：窑灰与粉煤灰有着良好的复合效应，且粉煤灰能有效固化和吸附窑灰中的有害离子，克服过量碱对混凝土的有害作用。通过SEM研究了该浆体微观结构的发展，并测定了砂浆的抗折及抗压强度，结果进一步证明了上述结论。     

A new instrument for on-line measurement of bicarbonate alkalinity

Alkalinity or buffering in anaerobic digesters may be chiefly attributed to bicarbonate and should be at least 1000 mg CaCO₃/l for successful operation. A simple on-line instrument for the direct determination of bicarbonate concentration, especially for automatic control of anaerobic digesters, is described. The proposed method is based on a continuous measurement of the carbon dioxide flow rate evolved from a stream of sampled solution after saturation with gaseous CO₂ and subsequent acidification with excess acid. This eliminates the need for a pH probe which is subject to fouling.The device was calibrated using sodium bicarbonate solutions (0.01–0.065 M) and the calibration showed an accuracy of ±5%. The device was tested on effluent from anaerobic digesters operating on ice-cream waste supplemented with sodium bicarbonate within a range of 0.02–0.04 mol/l. The results compared favourably with titrimetric measurements, extensively used to determine bicarbonate alkalinity with an accuracy of ±5%. The response of the instrument to variation in alkalinity concentration is sufficiently rapid for most industrial applications.     

低碱度钢渣水热反应特性及其机理的研究

通过力学性能、化学结合水量的测定,研究了2种低碱度钢渣的水热反应特性;应用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、红外光谱等,研究了低碱度钢渣蒸压试件的水化产物形貌和晶体结构.结果显示,在1.2 MPa饱和蒸汽压下,2种低碱度钢渣的蒸压性能差异较大,掺入少量石灰(质量分数为5%)可以较大幅度地提高低碱度钢渣蒸压试件的强度;参与反应的物相为镁蔷薇辉石和玻璃相;形成的主要水化产物-αC2SH的形貌并不是连生差的片状晶体,而是晶粒尺寸为0.5~1.0μm的不规则颗粒,这一形貌特征有利于蒸压硅酸盐制品水化产物的设计及其性能的改善.     

Design of a nitrifying tertiary trickling filter based on theoretical concepts

A nitrification model for a tertiary trickling filter is developed based on stoichiometry, Fick's Law and Monod kinetics. The design of tertiary trickling filters for nitrification is discussed, with special emphasis on: residual ammonium concentration, recirculation, reactors in series, residual alkalinity, residual nitrite concentration and effects of temperature on reactor performance. Wherever possible the theoretical predictions are compared with experimental results.     

贝壳填料曝气生物滤池的硝化特性研究

贝壳粗糙的表面及其合有的大量碳酸钙，可作为生物膜的载体及硝化反应的碱度来源。以海产弃物贝壳为生物膜载体，通过改变进水氨氮浓度及pH值，考察了贝壳填料曝气生物滤池的硝化脱氮规律。结果表明：对于氨氮〈120mg／L的原水，贝壳溶解提供的碱度能够满足硝化反应的需要，因此硝化反应进行得比较完全，对氨氮的去除率不受进水氨氮浓度的影响，可达90％以上；而当进水氨氮浓度达240mg／L时，因贝壳溶解提供的碱度不能完全满足硝化反应之所需，硝化反应将停滞，但对氨氮的去除率仍可达65％左右。此外，进水pH值对贝壳填料曝气生物滤池去除氨氮的效果及出水pH值基本没有影响。     

粉煤灰的新型化学激发及低碱混凝土配合比研究

根据绿色植被混凝土中植物生长对混凝土碱度的要求,采用新型酸性激发剂X激发粉煤灰活性,制备高掺量粉煤灰混凝土;并以化学方法进行降碱处理,制备出低碱混凝土。探索新型酸性激发剂X激发粉煤灰活性的最优工艺、碱度的降低方法,为制备绿色植被混凝土奠定了物质基础。     

基于Cygnal技术循环水安定指数在线监测装置的研究与应用

针对当前工业循环冷却水水质成分复杂而导致热力设备易腐蚀结垢的现状,采用C8051F020微控制器研制了工业循环冷却水水质稳定性的在线监测装置。装置以安定指数来反映工业循环冷却水水质的稳定性,在现场运行中克服了人工繁杂的手工分析的难题,并且能很好地控制循环水水质来减轻凝汽器管道的结垢或腐蚀,对工业生产的安全可靠运行、节能节水、延长热力设备使用寿命等具有重要意义。