Biodegradation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons in aquifer columns amended with hydrogen peroxide and nitrate

The ability of indigenous microorganisms to degrade benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) in laboratory scale flow-through aquifer columns was tested separately with hydrogen peroxide (110 mg/l) and nitrate (330 mg/l as NO₃⁻) amendments to air-saturated influent nutrient solution. The continuous removal of individual components from all columns relative to the sterile controls provided evidence for biodegradation. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the indigeneous microorganisms degraded benzene and toluene (> 95%), meta- plus para-xylene (80%) and ortho-xylene (70%). Nitrate addition resulted in 90% removal of toluene and 25% removal of ortho-xylene. However, benzene, ethylbenzene, meta- and para-xylene concentrations were not significantly reduced after 42 days of operation. Following this experiment, low dissolved oxygen (< 1 mg/l) conditions were initiated with the nitrate-amended column influent in order to mimic contaminated groundwater conditions distal from a nutrient injection well. Toluene continued to be effectively degraded (> 90%), and more than 25% of the benzene, 40% of the ethylbenzene, 50% of the meta- plus para-xylenes and 60% of the ortho-xylene were removed after several months of operation.     

江苏复杂断块高含水单元改善水驱效果的技术对策

在分析高含水开发单元特点的基础上,针对该阶段剩余油的品位、分布和油水关系极为复杂、挖潜难度大的技术难点,提出了适合江苏复杂断块油田高含水开发单元改善水驱开发效果的思路和工作程序、技术对策,并在真武油田高含水开发单元进行了实际应用,取得了良好的效果.     

Water table fluctuation with a random initial condition

The nonlinear Boussinesq equation is used to understand water table fluctuations in various ditch drainage problems. An approximate solution of this equation with a random initial condition and deterministic boundary conditions, recharge rate and aquifer parameters has been developed to predict a transient water table in a ditch-drainage system. The effects of uncertainty in the initial condition on the water table are illustrated with the help of a synthetic example. These results would find applications in ditch-drainage design.Notation A / tanh t - a lower value of the random variable representing the initial water table height at the mid point - a+b Upper value of the random variable representing the initial water table height at the midpoint - B tanh t - C 4/ - h variable water table height - h mean of the variable water table height - h _m variable water table height at the mid point - h _m mean of the variable water table height at the mid point - K hydraulic conductivity - L half spacing between the ditches - m ₀ initial water table height at the mid point - N Uniform rate of recharge - S specific yield - t time of observation - x distance measured from the ditch boundary - (4/SL)(NK)^1/2 - (L/4)(N/K)^1/2 - dummy integral variable     

Streamflow alteration and habitat ramifications for a threatened fish species in the Central United States

In the Central United States, the Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini) is listed as a threatened fish species by the State of Kansas. Survival of the darter is threatened by loss of habitat caused by changing streamflow conditions, in particular flow depletion. Future management of darter populations and habitats requires an understanding of streamflow conditions and how those conditions may have changed over time in response to natural and anthropogenic factors. In Kansas, streamflow alteration was assessed at 9 U.S. Geological Survey streamgages in 6 priority basins with no pronounced long‐term trends in precipitation. The assessment was based on a comparison of observed (O) and predicted expected (E) reference conditions for 29 flow metrics. The O/E results indicated a likely or possible diminished flow condition in 2 basins; the primary cause of which is groundwater‐level declines resulting from groundwater pumping for irrigated agriculture. In these 2 basins, habitat characteristics adversely affected by flow depletion may include stream connectivity, pools, and water temperature. The other 4 basins were minimally affected, or unaffected, by flow depletion and therefore may provide the best opportunity for preservation of darter habitat. Through the O/E analysis, anthropogenic streamflow alteration was quantified and the results will enable better‐informed decisions pertaining to the future management of darters in Kansas.     

典型城市承压含水层区域性特性

为了避免基坑工程设计和施工中因没有处理好承压水影响而产生的基坑工程事故,研究承压含水层特性.以调查研究杭州钱塘江承压含水层特性为主,参考上海、武汉、北京、天津4个城市有关水文地质方面的研究材料,研究这5个城市的承压含水层特性.比较分析这5个城市的承压含水层埋深、厚度、水位、顶板厚度等特性,介绍各城市典型的工程实例、承压水处理方法及抽降承压水对地面沉降的影响.研究表明:杭州、上海两地潜水与承压水的越流效果不明显,可视条件选择全降水或隔渗帷幕结合减压降水;武汉地区承压含水层埋藏浅,上层承压水可以采用疏干的方法;北京、天津两地单层含水层和隔水层厚度较小,可以尝试自渗降水.     

不同水位条件下渗渠集水能力砂槽试验与分析

通过不同水位条件下的傍河型浅薄含水层渗渠的集水量试验模拟,揭示了模拟傍河型浅薄含水层渗渠所傍河流的模拟水位高低与渗渠集水量大小的关系。采用砂槽模型进行模拟,在设计的4个特征水位的基础上进行了两组试验,并将其试验结果进行对比分析。研究表明,在一定条件下渗渠集水量的大小与模拟河流处的水位高低近似呈正比。     

不同止水帷幕插入深度下基坑降水对周边环境的影响预测分析

我国沿江沿海地区地下承压水分布特征及水文地质条件复杂,该地区基坑降水对周边环境的影响预测分析是技术难题。为研究不同止水帷幕插入深度下坑外地表沉降和坑外水位降深对坑内降水的响应特征,本文以常州地铁2号线某深基坑工程为例,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了基坑降水三维分析模型。结果表明:随着止水帷幕插入比的增大,基坑降水对周边环境的影响范围逐渐减小。定义止水帷幕插入承压含水层深度占其层厚的比值为插入比,当止水帷幕插入比小于1/2时,降水对坑外环境影响较大;当止水帷幕插入比大于3/4时,其止水效果与止水帷幕完全隔断承压含水层时接近,降水对坑外环境影响很小。研究成果为该地区地铁车站基坑止水帷幕优化设计提供良好的理论依据。     

地下水源热泵含水层水头分布及温度场的模拟分析

为使地下含水层能量更好为实际工程所用,进一步保护地下水空间,通过对地下水源热泵系统地下含水层中渗流场的分析,建立一抽一灌(对井抽灌)系统和一抽两灌系统地下水渗流数值模型,应用数值模拟方法对地下含水层渗流场水头分布及温度场进行模拟分析。结果表明:在相同的运行周期内,一抽两灌系统温度场的影响半径相对较小,并且抽灌井周围的等水头线分布较疏,水头变化缓慢,更利于地下水的回灌。尽量使回水井远离取水井,可以有效避免热贯通现象的发生。     

边界元插值法在含水层参数连续性问题中的应用

对于含水层参数连续性问题,传统的参数分区法会带来较大的计算误差,且其计算过程也较为繁琐。本文提出了一种新算法——边界元插值法,即在区域内对含水层压力传导系数采用二维反距离加权插值法、边界元上采用一维线性插值法,推导出边界积分方程的解析解,从而在整个区域上达到参数的连续性和可微性。将该方法与传统的有限差分法和边界元分区法同时应用于华北平原衡水试验场。计算结果表明:边界元插值法的计算结果与观测值的拟合误差在±3%以内,其精确度要略高于传统的边界元分区法和有限差分法,且计算过程较为简单。边界元插值法基本能够有效地处理含水层参数的连续性问题。     

Development of a linear predictive model for carbon dioxide sequestration in deep saline carbonate aquifers

CO₂ injection into deep saline aquifers is a preferred method for mitigating CO₂ emission. Although deep saline aquifers are found in many sedimentary basins and provide very large storage capacities, several numerical simulations are needed before injection to determine the storage capacity of an aquifer. Since numerical simulations are expensive and time-consuming, using a predictive model enables quick estimation of CO₂ storage capacity of a deep saline aquifer. In order to create a predictive model, the ranges of variables that affect the CO₂ storage capacity were determined from published literature data. Correlations found in literature were used for other important parameters such as pore volume compressibility and density of brine. Latin hypercube space filling design was used to construct 100 simulation cases prepared using CMG STARS. The simulation period covered a total of 300 years of CO₂ storage. By using a least-squares method, linear and nonlinear predictive models were developed to estimate CO₂ storage capacity of deep saline carbonate aquifers. Numerical dispersion effects were considered by decreasing the grid dimensions. It was observed that a dimensionless linear predictive model is better than the nonlinear. The sensitivity analyses showed that the most important parameter that affects CO₂ storage capacity is depth. Most of the (up to 90%) injected gas dissolved into the formation water and a negligible amount of CO₂ reacted with carbonate.