A Bi-Enzymatic Cascade Pathway towards Optically Pure FAHFAs**

Recently discovered endogenous mammalian lipids, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), have been proved to have anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. Due to their extremely low abundancies in vivo, forging a feasible scenario for FAHFA synthesis is critical for their use in uncovering biological mechanisms or in clinical trials. Here, we showcase a fully enzymatic approach, a novel in vitro bi-enzymatic cascade system, enabling an effective conversion of nature-abundant fatty acids into FAHFAs. Two hydratases from Lactobacillus acidophilus were used for converting unsaturated fatty acids to various enantiomeric hydroxy fatty acids, followed by esterification with another fatty acid catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase A (CALA). Various FAHFAs were synthesized in a semi-preparative scale using this bi-enzymatic approach in a one-pot two-step operation mode. In all, we demonstrate that the hydratase-CALA system offers a promising route for the synthesis of optically pure structure-diverse FAHFAs.     

Evaluation of a sulfidogenic system fed with microalgal biomass of Chlorella pyrenoidosa as an electron donor: Sulfate reduction kinetics

In this study, a sulfidogenic reactor fed with microalgal biomass of Chlorella pyrenoidosa as an electron donor was operated in a continuous mode. This study evaluated the influence of various initial sulfate concentration from 1.0 to 2.5 g/L on anaerobic sulfate reduction kinetics by a sulfidogenic enrichment culture predominantly Desulfovibrio sp. VSV2. It was observed that volumetric sulfate reduction rate (VSRR) was consistently increasing with an increase in volumetric sulfate loading rate (VSLR) across the retention time of 7–10 days. For a retention time of 7 days, the maximum VSRR was noted as 0.0050 g/(L.h) with a corresponding VSLR of 0.0089 g/(L.h). When retention time was maintained for 10 days, a maximum sulfate reduction of 65% and a maximum bacterial concentration of 1.632 g/L were achieved for an initial sulfate concentration of 1.5 g/L. It was concluded that VSLR facilitated through both dilution rate and initial sulfate concentration had a significant influence over sulfate reduction kinetics. The results of the study suggested that the microalgal-fed sulfidogenic system could be effectively employed for reduction of sulfate from sulfate-rich wastewater.     

5-羟甲基糠醛催化氢化制备2,5-呋喃二甲醇的研究进展

2,5-呋喃二甲醇（BHMF）在合成树脂、药物等方面具有重要应用。随着化石资源的日益缩减，由可再生的生物质基平台分子5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）催化制备BHMF引起人们的广泛关注。本文在总结了HMF及BHMF物化性质的基础上，介绍了HMF在分子氢、醇类、甲酸3种不同的氢供体中催化加氢制备BHMF的研究近况，总结了贵金属、非贵金属、双金属或多金属协同催化体系在该加氢反应中的应用进展，同时分析了反应过程中温度、时间、催化剂载体、反应溶剂种类及酸值等因素对HMF转化率及BHMF得率的影响。最后对HMF催化转化制备BHMF的研究前景进行了总结和展望，提出了使用醇类代替氢气作为氢供体，开发非贵金属及金属协同催化体系将是该选择性氢化反应的重要研究方向之一。     

乙醇催化转化到丁醇研究进展

乙醇的规模化生产和其在汽油中有限的添加量推动了乙醇的高值化利用。由于丁醇具有独特的物化性能，将乙醇一步催化转化为丁醇受到人们的普遍关注。本文主要综述了乙醇催化转化到丁醇的最新研究进展，阐述了不同均相催化剂、羟基磷灰石、氧化物和金属促进氧化物催化剂对乙醇转化率和丁醇选择性的影响，探讨了典型催化剂上乙醇催化转化到丁醇中的双分子机理和Guerbet机理，总结了乙醇催化转化到丁醇中存在的问题、机遇和挑战。提出未来乙醇催化转化的研究重点应该放在高乙醇转化率下丁醇的选择性控制上，即利用均相催化剂研究策略，借助近原位条件下反应机理研究的结果，设计合成新型催化剂体系，实现乙醇到丁醇的高效转化。     

Synthetic fayalite Fe2SiO4 by kinetically controlled reaction between hematite and silicon carbide

The present work explores the preparation of fayalite α-Fe₂SiO₄, the iron-rich end-member of the olivine solid-solution series, as a tar removal catalyst for biomass gasification. The synthetic procedure was developed starting from the stoichiometric mixture of hematite and micrometer size silicon carbide and employing thermal treatments in controlled atmospheres at 1000-1100°C supported by thermodynamic modeling to assess the required redox conditions. The treatments in dry and humidified inert gas yielded phase mixtures containing metallic Fe as one of the main phases, thus emphasizing a shortage of oxygen supply. XRD and TGA studies of precursor mixtures on heating in dry CO₂ demonstrated a multistep mechanism of the overall reaction including (a) fast reactivity between silicon carbide and hematite at ~920°C with formation of metallic Fe and amorphous silica followed by (b) formation of fayalite involving oxygen supplied in the form of CO₂ and competing with (c) over-oxidation to thermodynamically favorable Fe₃O₄+SiO₂ mixture. Comparative studies of reactivity in powdered and pelletized samples emphasized the importance of the kinetic factor in the formation of Fe₂SiO₄ while preventing further oxidation. The preferential formation of fayalite in the CO₂ atmosphere is shown to be favored by shorter treatments of compacted samples at higher temperatures. The procedure was designed (2-step heating to 1100°C in CO₂ followed by fast cooling) for the preparation of pelletized fayalite α-Fe₂SiO₄ catalyst with only minor traces of surface over-oxidation which can be suppressed by adding 10 vol.% of forming gas to CO₂ flow.     

Laser-assisted preparation of monolithic acidic catalysts for biomass conversion

5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF) is a vital platform molecule from which a variety of high-value-added fine chemicals and polymerizable monomers can be prepared. The use of solid acids to catalyze the conversion of biomass into 5-HMF is environmentally friendly and economical. However, exploiting the high yield of 5-HMF in a highly concentrated reactant system is challenging. Herein, we present a laser-assisted method for preparing highly acidic monolithic acidic catalysts. A monolithic acidic catalyst based on metal Zr sheets was synthesized and used to catalytically convert 30 wt% fructose into 5-HMF (conversion rate: 96%; yield: 95%). The catalyst was immediately separated from the reaction solution by direct removal at the end of the reaction. Catalytic efficiency was largely unaffected after 10 cycles of use, and the same catalytic efficiency was observed after laser-regeneration, highlighting the potential industrial applicability of the developed catalyst.     

生物质燃气中焦油净化的试验研究

对生物质燃气中焦油的净化进行试验研究,通过在喷淋塔前设置空冷塔的焦油净化系统,并以稻秸秆为原料考察热解温度对生物质燃气中焦油在空冷塔和喷淋塔中的分配情况及化学组成的影响。结果表明,生物质燃气中80%的焦油可在空冷塔中富集,当热解温度由500℃升至750℃时,空冷塔中焦油的占比由84.26%降至80.55%,喷淋塔中焦油占比由15.74%升至19.45%;生物质焦油中超过99%、81%、84%和93%的酚类化合物、烷烯烃、含氮化合物和含氧化合物(除酚类化合物外)在空冷塔中富集,而超过76%的芳烃及其衍生物在喷淋塔中富集。     

Simulation Study on Hydrogen-Heating-Power Poly-Generation System based on Solar Driven Supercritical Water Biomass Gasification with Compressed Gas Products as an Energy Storage System

Supercritical water gasification driven by solar energy is a promising way for clean utilization of biomass with high moisture content, but direct discharge of liquid residual causes energy waste and decreases energy efficiency. To reduce energy waste, a poly-generation system for hydrogen-rich gas production coupling heat supply and power generation based on supercritical water gasification of biomass driven by concentrated solar energy was established in this paper, which also provided a novel energy storage method to overcome the shortcomings of solar discontinuity. Thermodynamic model of the system was proposed and life cycle assessment(LCA) of the system was conducted. Influence of different parameters(temperature of 600℃ to 800℃, outlet temperature of heat exchanger of 42℃ to 56℃, biomass slurry concentration of 5% to 6.5%) on the gasification performance, energy and exergy efficiency, energy distribution and global warming potential(GWP) was discussed. The results indicated that hydrogen yield increased as gasification temperature increased since free radical reaction was enhanced which gas production reaction was classified into. Molar fraction of hydrogen increased as gasification temperature increased and reached 65.6% at 750℃. Energy and exergy efficiency of the system reached 74.84% and 34.87% at 700℃ and 600℃ respectively and that of gas production was 18.15% at 650℃, which was the highest. Increasing reaction temperature and decreasing biomass slurry concentration were effective ways to decrease GWP. Optimal operating parameter was reaction temperature of 650℃, outlet temperature of heat exchanger of 50℃ and biomass concentration of 5%.     

松木颗粒热解与高温蒸汽气化半焦产率及形貌特征分析

以成型松木颗粒为原料，进行低温热解，研究了热解温度和升温速率对生成的松木半焦产率及官能团的影响。以试验得到的松木半焦进行蒸汽气化试验，对比分析了温度对半焦重整气化形貌特征、比表面积和平均孔径的影响。研究表明：随着热解温度升高，松木半焦脂肪族结构峰消失转化为烃等小分子物质及气化气，进而降低半焦产率。升温速率升高，半焦产率呈先下降后升高的趋势，在800℃升温速率为30K/min时半焦产率最低。不同温度热解和蒸汽气化对比试验表明，温度相对较低时（500℃）热解和蒸汽气化半焦孔隙结构相近，随着温度的升高，蒸汽气化半焦结构发生明显变化，900°C时出现了更小的孔道结构且比表面积增加明显。蒸汽引入使松木半焦和水蒸气发生热解反应的同时发生了脱氢反应，气化半焦形貌出现熔融和烧结现象。