In-situ elongated aluminium borate grains toughening WC- 1.87 wt % Al2O3- 4.13 wt % ZrO2 composite via spark plasma sintering

In this work, a novel way was developed to facilitate the sintering of a binderless cemented carbide with Al₂O₃ contain while improving its toughness. WC- 1.87 wt % Al₂O₃- 4.13 wt %ZrO₂ cemented carbides with 1 wt % B₂O₃ as additives were consolidated by high energy ball-milling and spark plasma sintering the as-milled composite powders. The effects of 1 wt % B₂O₃ content on the sintering behaviour, microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained cemented carbides were investigated. The presence of B₂O₃ significantly lowers the sintering temperature by forming liquid phase and react with Al₂O₃ which contributed to obtaining fully dense specimens at 1350 °C and maintains fine grain sizes of WC until the temperature exceeding 1450 °C. The sintering temperature of the specimens with optimum mechanical properties has been also reduced comparing that of the original WC- 1.87 wt % Al₂O₃- 4.13 wt %ZrO₂ cemented carbides. Furthermore, the addition of B₂O₃ triggered the reaction between B₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ resulting in forming in-situ elongated aluminium borate grains (A₄B₂O₉ and A₁₈B₄O₃₃ whiskers), which promoted the toughness. The specimens sintered at 1450 °C exhibited optimal mechanical properties: the Vickers hardness and fracture toughness were 19.26 GPa and 11.49 MPa m^1/2, respectively.     

基于宏微观耦合分析胶结充填体强度差异的研究

在高阶段采场充填过程中,井下原位取芯样品强度远远高于地表实验室试件。本文选取了李楼铁矿6个高阶段充填采场取芯样品,发现井下原位取芯强度比地表充填试件高1.59 MPa。通过电镜扫描和能谱分析,确定了胶结充填体内部的水化产物成分,进一步分析了全尾砂充填料浆固结演化过程。基于充填体的宏微观试验,对井下原位强度与地表试件的差异性进行耦合分析,揭示了自重压力对充填体的宏观力学性能和微观孔隙结构的作用机理。研究成果可为高阶段采场进一步降低灰砂比提供理论依据。     

基于P波模量的原位胶结充填体强度预测模型研究

原位胶结充填体质量评价通常采用单轴抗压强度作为表征指标,由于在现场工程中无法快速、准确获取充填体的强度值,因此需要建立一种参数易于获取且准确的原位胶结充填体强度预测模型。基于胶结充填体物理力学参数的内在联系,从量纲平衡的角度探索了胶结充填体单轴抗压强度与P波模量的关系。根据C矿和I矿两种原位胶结充填体的密度、P波速度及取芯强度的测试数据,采用线性拟合的方法获得了基于P波模量的原位胶结充填体强度预测模型。通过对C矿和I矿的强度预测模型拟合效果分析可知,P波模量与取芯强度呈正相关性,且拟合效果较好,证明原位胶结充填体强度预测模型精度高,具有很强的实用性。     

北洺河铁矿全尾砂胶结充填治理塌陷区的可行性研究

北洺河铁矿为践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”的绿色发展理念,探索利用选厂尾矿治理地表塌陷区方案。通过对北洺河铁矿塌陷区稳定性分析以及对全尾砂膏体制备、输送、胶结充填技术可行性试验研究,并结合经济估算、环境和社会效益等综合分析,认为全尾砂胶结充填治理塌陷区的方案可行。     

Paste backfill of high-sulphide mill tailings using alkali-activated blast furnace slag: Effect of activator nature,concentration and slag properties

The effect of activator type, concentration and slag composition on the strength and stability properties of paste backfill (CPB) of high-sulphide tailings using alkali-activated slag (AAS) as binder (7 wt.%) were investigated in this study. Acidic and neutral (AS–NS) slags were activated with liquid sodium silicate (LSS) and sodium hydroxide (SH) at 6–10 wt.% concentrations. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) results were used for comparison. The strength development was found to remarkably improve with increasing the concentration from 6 to 8 wt.%. Further increase in concentration did not enhance the strength. SH was determined to produce higher early-age strength whilst LSS produced higher long-term strengths as an indication of slag selectivity for activators. More extensive gypsum formation was observed at lower concentrations in SEM/EDS studies. An increase in Na₂O concentration raised the activator consumption. High concentrations also led to poorly crystallized C–S–H gel, loose structure and drying shrinkage cracks especially in NS–SH samples. A reduction in total porosity up to 20% was obtained in AAS samples compared to OPC. Amorphous structure, chemical modulus ratio and/or basicity index (BI) values were seen to control the pozzolanic reactivity, and therefore, the alkali-activation and hardening process.     

胶结型天然裂缝对水力裂缝影响的数值计算模型及机理

页岩等非常规储层中富含由矿物填充的胶结型天然裂缝，水力裂缝与胶结型天然裂缝间的相互作用机制是控制复杂裂缝网络形成的关键。基于流动-变形耦合的内聚力模型，采用断裂能参数对天然裂缝胶结强度进行简化表征，建立了水力裂缝与胶结型天然裂缝间相互作用的数值模型。通过与单条水力裂缝极限情况渐进解对比，验证了该方法的可行性。在此基础上，研究了地应力、逼近角、胶结强度比以及压裂液黏度和注入速率等因素对水力/天然裂缝相互作用的影响。研究结果表明：水平地应力差与最小水平地应力共同控制着水力裂缝的穿越行为；地应力差相同，最小水平地应力不同，水力裂缝最终几何形态及缝内压力分布可能不同；逼近角越小，水力裂缝越容易转向沿天然裂缝扩展；胶结强度比越大，水力裂缝越不容易转向沿天然裂缝扩展；忽略缝内流体滤失，相同的注入速率和流体黏度的乘积会导致相似的裂缝几何形状及注入点压力变化。裂缝尖端前缘区域形成低孔隙压力区与内聚力区大小有关：内聚力区越小，孔隙压力越低。     

全尾砂和废石联合胶结充填体最佳配比及应用

针对红岭铅锌矿分级充填骨料来源不足、地表废石堆积污染环境的情况,提出将该矿选厂产生的全尾砂和地表废石作为充填骨料的联合胶结充填方案。分别测试了全尾砂和地表废石的物理化学性质,验证了碎石和全尾砂作为联合充填骨料的可行性。通过充填配比试验,分析了不同配比全尾砂废石充填体强度特性,得出了最佳充填配比。结果表明,充填试块的强度随灰砂比减小而减小,随养护龄期增加呈增大趋势,随充填料浆质量浓度增大而增大,最佳配比为: 胶结充填灰砂比1∶8、普通充填灰砂比1∶12,全尾砂∶废石配比4∶6,质量浓度78%。根据研究结果,在红岭铅锌矿进行了全尾砂废石充填技术工业应用,证实该技术可行。     

Assessment of digital image correlation method in determining large scale cemented rockfill strains

A conventional contact method(using linear transducers) and a non-contact method are deployed to measure the axial and lateral deformations of large scale cylindrical cemented rockfill specimens.Experimental works incorporating two pinhole cameras to create one stereovision by digital image correlation shows that the non-contact method is as reliable for testing large cylindrical specimens as measurements done by using linear variable displacement transformer and string potentiometer. Considering this particular large specimen, the experiment resulted in the acceptable mean difference between lateral strain using both methods is 5.1 percent, and 14.5 percent for the axial strain. This occurrence is inevitable due to the heterogeneity of the concrete system and the placement of the monitoring point in digital image correlation method, although the comparison of stress-strain relationship in both methods still indicates a conformity. Based on the results of the present experiments, the authors recommend the noncontact method for a detailed investigation of the material behavior during the uniaxial compressive strength tests. Full field strain measurement enables this digital method to examine local strains near cracks at any point, a very useful tool for studying material deformation behavior.     

Seismic behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced retaining walls backfilled with cohesive soil

This study investigates the seismic performance of geosynthetic-reinforced modular block retaining walls backfilled with cohesive, fine grained clay-sand soil mixture. Shaking table tests were performed for three ½ scaled (wall height 190 cm) and ¼ scaled model walls to investigate the effects of backfill type, the influence of reinforcement length and reinforcement stiffness effects. The El Centro and Kobe earthquake records of varying amplitudes were used as base acceleration. Displacement of the front wall, accelerations at different locations, strains on the reinforcements, and the visual observations of the facing and the backfill surface were used to evaluate the seismic performance of model walls. The model walls were subjected to rigorous shaking and the walls did not exhibit any stability problems or signs of impending failure. The maximum deformations observed on the models with cohesive backfill was less than half of the deformation of the sand model. The load transfers between the geogrid and cohesive soil was comparable to that of sand and hence the needed reinforcement length was similar as well. As a result; the model walls with cohesive backfills performed within acceptable limits under seismic loading conditions when compared with granular backfilled counterparts.     

尾砂胶结充填体试样早期强度与孔结构关联规律研究

本文为研究尾砂胶结充填体试样单轴抗压强度与其孔结构的关联规律,开展了不同类型胶结剂、不同浓度硫酸盐条件下共8组配比试验,并对养护龄期为28d的所有充填体试样进行了单轴抗压强度测试和压汞法孔结构测试(MIP),系统分析了尾砂胶结充填体试样早期强度和孔隙结构的关联规律,研究结果表明:(1)密封恒温养护条件下,不同配比的尾砂胶结充填体试样具有不同的单轴抗压强度、孔隙率和孔径分布;(2)尾砂胶结充填体试样的28d抗压强度与其孔隙率存在一定的线性相关规律,即在总体上表现出孔隙率越高强度越低的趋势;(3)尾砂胶结充填体试样中直径大于0.2μm的多害孔体积与其单轴抗压强度的线性相关性比孔隙率与其单轴抗压强度的线性相关性更为显著,说明试样强度的降低主要与多害孔体积增大有关,得了到尾砂胶结充填体试样充填体试样28d强度与多害孔总体积相关性方程。