超临界机组发生FAC的因素及相互关系分析

为了减轻因流动加速腐蚀(FAC)引起的锅炉结垢加速、汽水系统管道厚度减小甚至爆裂现象，对超临界机组发生流动加速腐蚀的机理及其主要影响因素进行了研究，并讨论了管壁内表面粗糙度、蒸汽含汽率、pH值、溶氧量对FAC的影响，以及温度与pH值、温度与流速、pH值与溶解氧量、溶解氧量与氢电导率等影响因素之间的相互作用关系，最后结合实际电厂的运行数据验证了分析结果。研究表明：减小工质流速、管壁粗糙度和氢电导率，增大给水的pH值和溶解氧含量可以使FAC的腐蚀速率减小，超临界加氧处理时pH值应在8.9～9.2之间，溶解氧量范围为45～100μg/L,氢电导率的期望值在0.1μS/cm以下。由于各影响因素之间的作用十分复杂，本文只给出了大致范围和趋势，并未给出准确数据。     

断控岩溶主控的缝洞型碳酸盐岩内部溶蚀相带表征——以塔河油田10区奥陶系油藏为例

以塔河油田10区的典型井组为研究对象，在明确断裂主控岩溶的背景下，分析岩溶作用过程与缝洞空间分布的关系，揭示了研究区缝洞体内幕结构及油气生产差异机理。通过对钻井、地震、示踪剂等动态和静态资料的分析，将研究区缝洞储集体划分为洞穴型、孔洞型、裂缝-孔洞型和裂缝型4种类型。结合地球物理描述与相似露头观察，分析断控岩溶作用下溶洞的发育过程，并建立基于成因演化的缝洞空间分布模式。岩溶作用下储层的发育具有分带性，依据该模式从内向外划分出4个溶蚀相带，分别是大型溶洞带、溶蚀孔洞密集区、缝洞联合发育体以及最外围的裂缝破裂带。不同的溶蚀相带其发育的主要储集体类型、储集物性、井震特征以及储量和产能情况有较大差异。在此基础上，结合生产动态资料所揭示的不同井之间的响应和连通情况，明确了研究区不同钻井分别钻遇了不同发育程度或演化阶段的缝洞溶蚀相带，且主要存在溶洞连通、缝洞连通和裂缝连通3种沟通方式。通过对缝洞溶蚀相带空间配置关系的有效刻画，采用确定性建模方法建立岩溶储层三维地质模型，并取得较好的数值模拟效果。     

Solid dispersion adsorbate technique for improved dissolution and flow properties of lurasidone hydrochloride: characterization using 32 factorial design

The aim of the present study was to improve the dissolution and flow properties of lurasidone hydrochloride (LH) by solid dispersion adsorbate (SDA) technique. Solid dispersions (SDs) of LH were prepared by fusion method using Poloxamer P188. The melt dispersion was adsorbed onto the porous carrier Florite (calcium silicate). A 3² factorial design was employed to quantify the effect of two independent variables, namely ratio of carrier (Poloxamer 188) and LH in SD and ratio of adsorbent (Florite) to SD. SDA granules of LH were studied for flow properties and characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Tablets of optimized composition of SDA granules (equivalent to 20?mg of drug) and plain tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The dissolution studies were carried out in Mcllvaine buffer (pH 3.8) as per USFDA guidelines and characterized for parameters such as percent dissolution efficiency, t₅₀, and Q₃₀. Tablets prepared from SDA granules showed almost four-fold increase in cumulative percentage drug release as compared to tablets prepared from plain LH. The value of dissolution efficiency was enhanced from 49.60% for plain tablets to 94.15% for SDA tablets. SDA granules did not show any change in drug release and X-ray diffraction pattern after storage at 40?°C/75% of RH for 3?months, which confirms that Florite prevented conversion of drug from amorphous form to crystalline form improving physical stability of the amorphous state of LH.     

Formulation strategy towards minimizing viscosity mediated negative food effect on disintegration and dissolution of immediate release tablets

Food induced viscosity can delay disintegration and subsequent release of API from solid dosage form which may lead to severe reduction in the bioavailability of BCS type III compounds. Formulations of such tablets need to be optimized in view of this postprandial viscosity factor. In this study, three super disintegrants, croscarmellose sodium (CCS), cross-linked polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (CPD), and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) were assessed for their efficiency under simulated fed state. Tablets containing these disintegrants were compressed at 10 and 30?KN, while taking lactose as a soluble filler. In addition to other compendial tests, disintegration force of these formulations was measured by texture analysis. Comparison of parameters derived from force – time curves revealed a direct relation of maximum disintegration force (F_max) and disintegration force development rate (DFDR) with compressional force in fasted state, whereas an inverse relationship of F_max and DFDR with compressional force was observed in fed state. The gelling tendency of disintegrants influenced the rate of release of API in simulated fed and fasted states when compressional force was changed. These observations recommend the evaluation of formulations in simulated fed state, in the development stage, with an objective of minimizing the negative impact of food induced viscosity on disintegration. Use of disintegrants that act without gelling or can counteract the effect of gelling is recommended for tablet formulations with reduced disintegration time (DT) and mean dissolution time (MDT) in fed state, respectively.     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组五段膏盐下白云岩储层形成的主控因素

近期勘探实践表明，鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组五段膏盐下白云岩具有良好的天然气勘探开发潜力。为此，综合岩心观察、薄片鉴定、物性分析及地球化学特征等资料，对其岩石学、储集空间和孔渗特征等开展了系统研究。结果表明，鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系膏盐下储集层为孔隙型白云岩储层，纵向上分布在马五6亚段、马五7亚段和马五9亚段。马五6亚段储集层岩性主要为颗粒白云岩和斑状粉晶白云岩，马五7亚段和马五9亚段储集层岩性主要为颗粒白云岩和粉-细晶白云岩。三个储层段储集空间均以溶蚀孔洞为主，次为残余粒间孔、晶间溶孔、晶间孔和微裂缝，平均孔隙度分别为5.84%、6.81%和7.03%。沉积古地貌、海平面变化和准同生期大气淡水溶蚀作用等因素共同控制膏盐下白云岩储集层的发育与分布。研究认为位于盐岩边界线外侧的中央古隆起带和榆林-横山隆起带地势相对较高，颗粒滩沉积厚度大，在准同生期和浅埋藏期易于发生大气淡水溶蚀作用，其内部赋存的孔隙不易被膏盐岩充填，是盆地内膏盐下有利白云岩储集层的发育区。     

LF精炼废渣水热浸出过程中主要矿相的溶解行为

通过水热浸出实验分别研究了精炼废渣及合成的废渣中2种主要单一矿相12CaO?7Al2O3和2CaO?SiO2的溶解行为，并将二者进行对比分析，探究了LF精炼废渣在水热浸出过程中的溶解行为。结果表明，废渣浸出过程中浸出液的pH?12，且随浸出时间增加，电导率和Ca浓度增加，Al浓度急剧下降，Si浓度低于0.1 mg/L且保持不变；12CaO?7Al2O3浸出过程中，随时间增加，浸出液pH值稳定在约11.3，浸出液中Al浓度增加，Ca浓度略微下降。2CaO?SiO2浸出液中主要为Ca2+，Si浓度低于0.6 mg/L；废渣与单一矿相浸出过程的pH值及Al, Si浓度较接近，可以通过单一矿相的溶解行为研究精炼废渣在水热浸出过程中的溶解行为，但废渣浸出液的Al和Si浓度均低于单一矿相，表明废渣中CaO等其它组分溶解抑制了12CaO?7Al2O3和2CaO?SiO2溶解。     

多元陶瓷相在激光熔覆层中的溶解机制研究

激光熔覆层材料以铁基粉末为基础，添加有TiC、WC和SiC多元陶瓷增强相。依据自由能变理论，对激光熔覆过程中的涂层化学反应方向与反应程度进行了热力学分析，研究了所添加陶瓷增强相的溶解机制，结果表明：在设定的工艺参数和激光作用下，涂层表面可产生2 000~3 000 K的高温，通过显微组织分析可以发现，在上述温度范围内陶瓷物质发生了部分甚至完全溶解，且熔池中熔化游离的Fe、Cr、Ni等离子或颗粒先后与陶瓷物质中分解出的Ti、W、Si与C元素发生再反应与互溶，形成了具有一定金属性以及陶瓷相强度和硬度的物质，如FeNi2Ti、Fe-Cr-Ni-Si等新合金相或固溶体，并达到了强化涂层性能的效果。研究结果与理论模型分析结果规律相同。     

用气相色谱法检测顺酐生产中间物料组分

顺酐在常温下是固体,要制备成溶液才能进行气相色谱分析,所以溶剂的选择极为重要。为此,选用了稳定性好、沸点较高的乙腈作为溶剂,利用超声溶解,对生产中粗酐样品进行采样分析,并建立了气相色谱法测定顺酐中杂质含量的分析方法,可有效指导顺酐生产过程中的杂质组分分离,适用于顺酐生产的现场工艺控制。     

Impact of non‐solvent on regeneration of cellulose dissolved in 1‐(carboxymethyl)pyridinium chloride ionic liquid

Cellulose dissolved in ionic liquid (1‐(carboxymethyl)pyridinium chloride)/water (60/40 w/w) mixture is regenerated in various non‐solvents, namely water, ethanol, methanol and acetone, to gain more insight into the contribution of non‐solvent medium to the morphology of regenerated cellulose. To this end, the initial and regenerated celluloses were characterized with respect to crystallinity, thermal stability, chemical structure and surface morphology using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. According to the results, regardless of non‐solvent type, all regenerated samples have the same chemical structure and lower crystallinity in comparison to the initial cellulose, making them a promising candidate for efficient biofuel production based on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The reduction in crystallinity of regenerated samples is explained based on the potential of the non‐solvent to break the hydrogen bonds between cellulose chains and ionic liquid molecules as well as the affinity of water and non‐solvent which can be evaluated based on Hansen solubility parameter. The latter also determines the phase‐separation mechanism during the regeneration process, which in turn affects surface morphology of the regenerated cellulose. The pivotal effect of regenerated cellulose crystallinity on its thermal stability is also demonstrated. Regenerated cellulose with lower crystallinity is more susceptible to molecular rearrangement during heating and hence exhibits enhanced thermal stability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry