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1.
超临界机组高温合金管氧化膜剥落问题是困扰机组安全与经济运行的难题,严重制约了机组蒸汽参数和效率的提高。特别是,在超临界机组采用给水加氧处理方式(OT)后,奥氏体不锈钢管内壁氧化膜大面积剥落事故屡见不鲜,尤以TP347H合金管为甚。本文总结了近年来国内外针对超临界机组合金管氧化膜研究的进展及相关成果,首先介绍了超临界蒸汽环境中合金管氧化机理和原子迁移机制,综述了铁素体和奥氏体合金表面氧化膜的形貌特征,分析了蒸汽溶氧对氧化膜生长速率、形貌和缺陷的影响。氧化膜完整性是决定合金抗腐蚀性能的重要因素,但在机组运行过程中氧化膜应力破坏了氧化膜完整性。进一步总结了国内外氧化膜应力和剥落研究的数值分析及实验研究情况,为我国超临界机组氧化膜剥落故障诊断研究提供参考。  相似文献   
2.
针对传统图像分割算法难以分割噪声污染严重的混凝土坝面细小裂缝图片的问题,结合大津阈值算法和区域生长算法提出一种新的裂缝分割算法。该算法通过一个滑动的窗口遍历整幅灰度图并计算窗口内的局部大津阈值,遍历过程中将所有灰度值在局部阈值以上的窗口中心像素点作为区域生长种子点,设计生长阈值,生长完成后得到分割结果。运用该算法、基于全局的大津阈值等经典分割算法对四幅存在光照不均、污渍覆盖等噪声污染的裂缝图片进行分割。结果表明,所提算法的分割结果中背景噪声最少,误差最小。通过连通域分析去除剩余的背景噪声,可实现对裂缝的精确识别分割,为自动化检测坝面裂缝奠定基础。  相似文献   
3.
《Journal of dairy science》2022,105(5):4171-4188
Based on modeling studies, a 1-yr calving interval for dairy cows is generally considered optimal from an economic point of view. Recently some dairy farmers are deliberately extending the voluntary waiting period for insemination (VWP) to extend the calving interval. Reasons to extend the VWP are to reduce the frequency of transitions such as dry-off and calving to improve health, to reduce labor associated with these transitions, and to reduce the number of surplus calves. This study aimed to evaluate yearly revenues, yearly costs, and yearly net partial cash flow (NPCF) for individual cows with a VWP of 50, 125, or 200 d based on data from a randomized control trial. The NPCF included revenues and costs for milk yield, calves born, inseminations, concentrate supply, partial mixed ration (PMR) supply, veterinary treatments, discarded milk due to veterinary treatments, culling, and labor (for milking, calving cows, inseminations, and veterinary treatments). Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 153) within one herd were blocked for parity, calving season, and expected (primiparous cows) or previous (multiparous cows) 305-d milk yield. Cows were randomly assigned within the blocks to 1 of 3 VWP (VWP50, VWP125, or VWP200) in wk 6 after calving, and monitored from wk 6 after calving until wk 6 after the next calving or until culling. Revenues and costs were calculated per individual cow and expressed per cow per year. Revenues from milk and costs for PMR and concentrate contributed most to the yearly NPCF. Total yearly revenues were greater in VWP50 compared with VWP200 (€3,169 vs. €2,832), mainly because of €334 greater milk revenues. Total yearly costs were also greater in VWP50 compared with VWP200 (€1,964 vs. €1,729), mainly because of €102 greater concentrate costs. The VWP was not significantly associated with the NPCF per cow per year. A change in milk, feed, or calf price, or a change in labor costs for calving cows or for inseminations had a greater effect on the yearly NPCF of cows in VWP50 compared with cows in VWP200. To investigate variation in NPCF, cows were grouped for yearly NPCF and categorized into 3 economic classes (EC): EC1 (<€1,100/yr), EC2 (€1,100–€1,400/yr), and EC3 (>€1,400/yr). Cows in EC3 had greatest lactation production per day in the experiment (i.e., kg of milk, protein, fat, lactose), and lowest number of veterinary treatments during the experiment.  相似文献   
4.
为进一步掌握中国石油和天然气探明地质储量增长趋势,分析了2010—2019年中国新增石油和天然气探明地质储量分布和变化特征。结果表明:2010—2019年,中国新增石油探明地质储量主要分布在鄂尔多斯盆地、渤海湾盆地、准噶尔盆地等地区,以中浅层—中深层为主;新增天然气探明地质储量主要分布在鄂尔多斯盆地、四川盆地、塔里木盆地、东海陆架盆地等地区,以中深层—超深层为主。石油和天然气储量品质变差,丰度变低,埋深变大。中国新增油气探明储量的增长,主要集中在岩性地层油气藏、非常规油气藏、深层油气藏等领域。  相似文献   
5.
中国是世界上水资源供需矛盾最突出的国家之一,水资源作为人类生存、社会经济发展的必备资源,一直处于被过度开发利用的状态。文章对长江经济带工业水资源绿色效率进行研究,首先基于水资源效率的内涵,引入环境污染等负面因素,对工业水资源绿色效率进行重新界定,对水资源绿色效率的内涵进行补充,其次通过理论分析与实证分析相结合的方式,了解工业水资源绿色效率的影响因素和时空特征,以此来探讨长江经济带工业水资源绿色效率的提升方法。文章在蓝水足迹与灰水足迹概念的基础上,通过运用三阶段超效率SBM模型和Malmquist-Luenberger指数分解法,选择工业从业人员(劳动)、工业固定资产投资(资本)、蓝水足迹(自然资源)作为投入变量,将工业增加值作为期望产出变量,将灰水足迹作为非期望产出变量,构建了工业水资源绿色效率的指标体系,并对长江经济带11省市2009—2019年的工业水资源绿色效率进行了测算。结果表明,长江经济带整体和区域的蓝水足迹具有波动性,灰水足迹呈下降趋势。在剔除环境因素和随机误差后,发现环境因素对纯技术效率的抑制作用较为明显,规模效率和综合技术效率还有一定的提升空间。全要素生产率指数呈现上升趋势,虽然影响全要素生产率指数变化的因素在各个省份、不同阶段有所不同,但整体上长江经济带工业水资源绿色效率的主要驱动因素源于技术进步。因此建议长江经济带的不同省份可以结合各自的产业特点,发挥各个区域的资源禀赋,通过产业上下游供应链结合等方式来提高规模效率、加强区域合作,通过投入产出要素的优化提高效益、减少水污染。  相似文献   
6.
We propose a multi-physics numerical model for a self-healing ceramic matrix mini-composite under tensile load. Crack averaged PDEs are proposed for the transport of oxygen and of all the chemical species involved in the healing process and studied in the dimensionless form to perform the most appropriate discretization choices concerning time integration, and boundary conditions. Concerning the fibres’ degradation, a slow crack growth model explicitly dependent on the environmental parameters is calibrated using a particular exact solution and integrated numerically in the general case. The tow failure results from the statistical distribution of the fibres’ initial strength, the slow crack growth kinetics, and the load transfer following fibres breakage. The lifetime prediction capabilities of the model, as well as the effect of temperature, spatial variation of the statistical distribution of fibres strength, and applied load, are investigated highlighting the influence of the diffusion/reaction processes (healing) on the fibre breakage scenarios.  相似文献   
7.
Hydrogen transportation by pipelines gradually becomes a critical engineering route in the worldwide adaptation of hydrogen as a form of clean energy. However, due to the hydrogen embrittlement effect, the compatibility of linepipe steels and associated welds with hydrogen is a major concern when designing hydrogen-carrying pipelines. When hydrogen enters the steels, their ductility, fracture resistance, and fatigue properties can be adversely altered. This paper reviews the status of several demonstration projects for natural gas-hydrogen blending and pure hydrogen transportation, the pipeline materials used and their operating parameters. This paper also compares the current standards of materials specifications for hydrogen pipeline systems from different parts of the world. The hydrogen compatibility and tolerance of varying grades of linepipe steels and the relevant testing methods for assessing the compatibility are then discussed, and the conservatism or the inadequacies of the test conditions of the current standards are pointed out for future improvement.  相似文献   
8.
提高蒸汽注汽品质和优化保温层厚度是改善地面蒸汽管线热力输运、实现稠油高效开采的关键。建立了油田地面蒸汽管线热力参数计算模型和保温层厚度经济性分析模型,基于分段微元方法求解沿程蒸汽干度、热损等特性参数,分析了锅炉出口蒸汽参数和注汽流量的影响规律,并结合经济厚度法的计算原理优化了保温层厚度。结果表明:提高锅炉出口蒸汽温度和压力,沿程蒸汽干度降低速度变快,沿程热损增加变快,与锅炉出口蒸汽温度313 oC,压力10.2 MPa相比,其热损最大增加11.15%;增加注汽流量,蒸汽干度提升且随管线沿程降幅缩小,等梯度注汽流量差下,高注汽流量时蒸汽干度降幅较小,其降幅为3.58%;经济厚度为0.33m时,其热损费用同比原有厚度可降低68.22%。  相似文献   
9.
10.
《Ceramics International》2022,48(10):14349-14359
The influence of heat-treatment temperatures (700 °C, 900°C, 1200 °C) on the phase, physical properties, crystallization rate, and in vitro properties of the solution combustion synthesized silicon-doped calcium phosphates (CaPs) were investigated. The thermodynamic aspects (enthalpy, entropy, and free energy) of the synthesis process and the crystallographic properties of the final samples were first predicted and then confirmed using density functional theory (DFT). Results demonstrated that the crystallization rate was controlled by the fuel(s) type (glycine, citric acid, and urea) and the amounts of Si4+ ions (0, 0.1, 0.4 mol). The highest calculated crystallization rate values of the un-doped, 0.1, and 0.4 mol Si-doped samples were 64%, 22%, 38%, respectively. The obtained results from the DFT simulation revealed that crystal growth in the direction of c-axis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) structure could change the stability of (001) surface of (HAp). Also, the computational data confirmed the adsorption of Si–OH groups on the (001) surface of HAp during the SCS process with an adsorption energy of 1.53 eV. AFM results in line with DFT simulation showed that the observed change in the surface roughness of Si-doped CaPs from 2 to 8 nm could be related to the doping of Si4+ ions onto the surface of CaPs. Besides, the theoretical and experimental investigation showed that crystal growth and doping of Si4+ ions could decrease the activation energy of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Furthermore, the results showed that the crystallized HAp structure could have great potential to efficiently reduce oxidative stress in human body.  相似文献   
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