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1.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(14):9058-9070
Production of methanol, as a green energy, from syngas is coming into focus. However, natural gas based methanol plants, which are used steam reforming of methane for syngas production, have a high CO2 emission resulting in the global warming. In this study, a novel process for methanol synthesis is proposed to reduce CO2 emission. In this regard, natural gas and flue gas are fed to a parallel-series system with tri and dry reforming of methane for syngas production with the optimized stoichiometric number. Then, the produced syngas is converted to methanol in a reactor. Finally, the produced methanol is purified by two distillation towers. The proposed method is compared to a referenced method in the view of technological, economic and environmental metrics. The techno-economic-environmental analysis of the processes reveals that not only the proposed method, as compared to the referenced one, increases CO2 conversion from 20.93% to 99.22%, but also it is more economical and environmentally friendly. In addition, the global warming potential of the proposed method is almost 60% lower than that for the referenced method due to the lower CO2 emission. Therefore, the proposed method can save above MUS$ 8 a year by CO2 capture. 相似文献
2.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(15):9156-9168
In order to study the influence of nitrogen on the deflagration characteristics of premixed hydrogen/methane, the explosion parameters of premixed hydrogen/methane within various volume ratios and different dilution ratios were studied by using a spherical flame method at room temperature and pressure. The results are as follows: The addition of nitrogen makes the upper limit of explosion of hydrogen/methane premixed gas drop, and the lower limit rises. For explosion hazard (F-number), hydrogen/methane premixed fuel with a hydrogen addition ratio of 10% has the lowest risk, and nitrogen has a greater impact on the dangerous degree of hydrogen and methane premixed gas whose hydrogen addition ratio does not exceed 30%. In terms of flame structure, the spherical flame was affected by buoyancy instability as the percentage of nitrogen dilution increased, but the buoyancy instability gradually decreased as the percentage of hydrogen addition increased. The addition of diluent gas reduces the spreading speed of the stretching flame and reduces the stretching rate in the initial stage of flame development. The laminar flame propagation velocity calculated by the experiment in this paper is consistent with the laminar flow velocity of the hydrogen/methane premixed gas calculated by GRI Mech 3.0. Considering the explosion parameters such as flammability limit, laminar combustion rate and deflagration index, when hydrogen is added to 70%, it is the turning point of hydrogen/methane premixed fuel. 相似文献
3.
在对沁水盆地赵庄矿煤层气开发地质、煤层气生产井资料深入研究的基础上,分析、总结了区内煤层气直井低产原因,并据此提出了区内地面抽采后续开发方向。研究认为:3号煤层气含量偏低、含气饱和度低、临储比低,致使排采阶段气含量可降幅度低,是其低产的宏观表征;3号煤储层不匹配孔级,较差连通性,即微、小孔为主,中孔次之,大孔不发育,微裂隙连通性差,致使扩散缓慢、影响储层改造和抽采效果,是其低产的微观表征;3号煤层远高于顶底板塑性及相近的水平应力,进一步造成改造缝长受限,泄流面积不足。因此,建议区内后续地面抽采方式应以增大泄流面积开发方式为主。 相似文献
4.
S. van Engelen H. Bovenhuis P.P.J. van der Tol M.H.P.W. Visker 《Journal of dairy science》2018,101(3):2226-2234
International environmental agreements have led to the need to reduce methane emission by dairy cows. Reduction could be achieved through selective breeding. The aim of this study was to quantify the genetic variation of methane emission by Dutch Holstein Friesian cows measured using infrared sensors installed in automatic milking systems (AMS). Measurements of CH4 and CO2 on 1,508 Dutch Holstein Friesian cows located on 11 commercial dairy farms were available. Phenotypes per AMS visit were the mean of CH4, mean of CO2, mean of CH4 divided by mean of CO2, and their log10-transformations. The repeatabilities of the log10-transformated methane phenotypes were 0.27 for CH4, 0.31 for CO2, and 0.14 for the ratio. The log10-transformated heritabilities of these phenotypes were 0.11 for CH4, 0.12 for CO2, and 0.03 for the ratio. These results indicate that measurements taken using infrared sensors in AMS are repeatable and heritable and, thus, could be used for selection for lower CH4 emission. Furthermore, it is important to account for farm, AMS, day of measurement, time of day, and lactation stage when estimating genetic parameters for methane phenotypes. Selection based on log10-transformated CH4 instead of the ratio would be expected to give a greater reduction of CH4 emission by dairy cows. 相似文献
5.
6.
利用漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱仪(DRIFTS)对甲烷/丙烷在氧化铁表面还原NO的反应进行了原位研究,分析了不同气体在氧化铁表面的吸附特点以及在有O_2条件下甲烷/丙烷还原NO的中间产物生成特性。结果表明,氧化铁对NO有着较好的吸附能力,NO能够以不同桥式硝酸盐与硝基的形式吸附于氧化铁表面。这些吸附物种热稳定性各不相同,并且可能会被氧化铁中的晶格氧氧化产生新的吸附物种,对进一步与还原剂发生选择性催化反应有着重要的作用。甲烷与丙烷在氧化铁表面还原NO的微观反应机理通过一系列路径完成。还原剂吸附于氧化铁表面,与由NO吸附形成的含氮吸附物种相互反应,形成一系列碳氢中间产物,通过进一步反应还原NO;在氧气存在的情况下,O_2会参与碳氢还原剂与含氮吸附物种的竞争反应,并形成R—COO-、CH3COO-等更多活性中间物种,这些活性中间物种通过与NO不断的反应最终还原NO为N2。 相似文献
7.
Chang-Hyun Kim Jae-Yun Han Sehwa Kim Boreum Lee Hankwon Lim Kwan-Young Lee Shin-Kun Ryi 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(15):7684-7692
With the aim of producing hydrogen at low cost and with a high conversion efficiency, steam methane reforming (SMR) was carried out under moderate operating conditions in a Pd-based composite membrane reactor packed with a commercial Ru/Al2O3 catalyst. A Pd-based composite membrane with a thickness of 4–5 μm was prepared on a tubular stainless steel support (diameter of 12.7 mm, length of 450 mm) using electroless plating (ELP). The Pd-based composite membrane had a hydrogen permeance of 2.4 × 10?3 mol m?1 s?1 Pa?0.5 and an H2/N2 selectivity of 618 at a temperature of 823 K and a pressure difference of 10.1 kPa. The SMR test was conducted at 823 K with a steam-to-carbon ratio of 3.0 and gas hourly space velocity of 1000 h?1; increasing the pressure difference resulted in enhanced methane conversion, which reached 82% at a pressure difference of 912 kPa. To propose a guideline for membrane design, a process simulation was conducted for conversion enhancement as a function of pressure difference using Aspen HYSYS®. A stability test for SMR was conducted for ~120 h; the methane conversion, hydrogen production rate, and gas composition were monitored. During the SMR test, the carbon monoxide concentration in the total reformed stream was <1%, indicating that a series of water gas shift reactors was not needed in our membrane reactor system. 相似文献
8.
现有的致密气和煤层气联合开发选区评价方法存在着方法通用性不强、储量与储层物性等参数不能反映两气联采产量差异等问题。为此,以建立致密气和煤层气两气联采通用量化评价指标体系为目的,定义了两气联采有利区综合评价系数,以两气联采产量为评价目标,采用正交设计结合数值模拟手段,确定影响联采产量的关键参数及其对产量的影响程度,建立了两气联采开发选区量化评价新方法,并将新方法应用于鄂尔多斯盆地东缘KNW矿区的两气联采开发选区评价实践中。结果表明:(1)新方法建立和确定了两气地质赋存模式、关键评价参数及正交试验方案设计、评价参数对产量的影响程度、两气联采有利区综合评价系数等;(2)采用优选出的12个关键参数对KNW矿区两气联采开发选区的量化评价结果显示,该矿区南部、北部KNW-37井区为单采煤层气有利区,矿区内的KNW-10、KNW-33、KNW-9井区为单采致密气有利区,矿区中部和西南部为两气联采有利区。结论认为,所提出的致密气和煤层气联合开发选区量化评价新方法具有通用性,对两气联采开发选区具有参考意义。 相似文献
9.
Z.J. Li H. Ren S.M. Liu C.J. Cai J.T. Han F. Li J.H. Yao 《Journal of dairy science》2018,101(2):1048-1059
This study aimed to examine the temporal (hourly within a day and daily over the long term) effects of monensin on CH4 emissions, ruminal fermentation, and in situ alfalfa degradation in dairy goats during dietary monensin supplementation by controlling the confounding effects of feed intake and ambient temperature. Six ruminally cannulated dairy goats were used, and they were housed in environmental chambers and fed a restricted amount of ration throughout the experiment. The experiment included a baseline period of 20 d followed by a treatment period of 55 d with 32 mg of monensin/d. During the whole experiment, CH4 production was measured every 5 d, whereas fermentation characteristics and in situ alfalfa degradation were analyzed every 10 d. The CH4-depressing effect of monensin was time dependent on the duration of treatment, highly effective at d 5 but thereafter decreased gradually until d 55 even though CH4-suppressing effect still remained significant. The decreasing effects of monensin on ruminal acetate proportion and acetate to propionate ratio also faded over days of treatment, and the acetate proportion returned up to the pre-supplementation level on d 50. Monensin supplementation elevated ruminal propionate proportion and decreased the effective ruminal degradability of alfalfa NDF, but both measurements tended to recover over time. The postprandial increase rate of hourly CH4 emissions was reduced, whereas that of propionate proportion was enhanced by monensin supplementation. However, the postprandial responses to monensin in CH4 emission rates, ruminal VFA profiles, and in situ degradation kinetics declined with both hours after feeding and days of treatment. Our results suggest that the CH4-suppressing effect of monensin supplementation in goats was attributed to reductions in both ruminal feed degradation and acetate to propionate ratio, but those reductions faded with time, hours after feeding, and days of treatment. 相似文献
10.
Qing Zhang Xiaoqian Feng Jing Liu Liping Zhao Xuefeng Song Peng Zhang Lian Gao 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(24):11056-11068
The methane dry reforming (DRM) simultaneously converts the two greenhouse gases and produces syngas (CO + H2), which is being significant for both environmental and industrial consideration. Employing well-defined crystal oxides as precursors can produce Ni-based DRM catalysts with good sintering and coking resistance by enhancing the metal-support interactions. Adding basic promoters also is considered as an effective way to improve the coking resistance of DRM catalysts, although challenge remains in the control over the structure, morphology and interaction of the promoter in the catalyst. To well combine the two methods together for better catalytic performance, in this work a Ni/MgO-SiO2 catalyst was synthesized through a facile one-pot hydrothermal process, during which Ni-phyllosilicate formed as the precursor of Ni particles and MgO promoter was generated in form of Mg-phyllosilicate. This Ni/MgO-SiO2 had a hierarchical hollow sphere structure with large surface area (477.4 m2/g). Both the Ni particles (avg. 6.0 nm) and MgO promoter uniformly distributed. This hollow hierarchical catalyst performed high activity, thermal stability and coking resistance for catalytic dry reforming of methane. 相似文献