基于显微CT的地下工程SBS防水卷材微观研究

利用X射线CT技术对地下工程SBS改性沥青防水卷材的微观结构进行研究,探讨该技术在微观研究中的适用性。通过剪取SBS防水卷材原状试样置于显微CT系统上进行扫描,获得一系列的2D显微CT切片图像,借助图像处理软件进行3D图像的重构,并进行图像处理,最后基于重构图像进行数据的统计和分析。结果表明:对试样的3D重构图像进行分析可以获得添加物颗粒的相关参数,同时可以清楚观察到试样的层状分布形态;试样各区域材料的差异性较大;等效直径60μm是颗粒数目分布的转折点,其两侧表现出不同的分布规律;中等颗粒和大颗粒对颗粒总体积有很大贡献。研究结果证实了采用显微CT技术对地下工程防水卷材进行微观研究的可行性,为地下工程防水材料损伤及其耐久性研究提供了一种新的途径。     

煤的热解破裂过程——孔裂隙演化的显微CT细观特征

利用μCT225FCB型高精度工业CT试验机进行了不同温度下褐煤、气煤细观结构演化的显微CT试验,发现煤在低温阶段（<300 ℃）,由于煤中水分和自由气体的散失而产生大量裂纹;在高温阶段（>300 ℃）,有机质的热解导致煤中大量孔隙裂隙的形成,煤的这种产生孔隙裂隙的方式与无机岩石（如花岗岩、砂岩等）明显不同,称这种因热解作用导致煤等一类富含有机质的岩石发生破坏的现象为热解破裂。与无机岩石的热破裂过程相比,煤的热解破裂在破裂机理、裂纹起始位置、裂纹形态方面具有显著的独特性。煤热解破裂过程中,当温度低于300 ℃时因煤中自由水和自由气体的散失而形成以细长裂纹为主的孔隙裂隙系统;当温度高于300 ℃时因煤中热解产物的逸出而形成以圆形或椭圆形孔洞为主的孔隙裂隙系统。300 ℃前新生裂隙不仅起始于煤中的硬质颗粒之间,更普遍的起始于有机质中;300 ℃后孔隙裂隙的形成主要起始于有机质内。     

基于光耦探测器显微CT的实现及其放大倍数的标定

X射线显微CT因其较高的成像分辨率,被应用于微小样品内部精细结构的检测。分辨率是显微CT最受关注的指标之一,而实现其测量功能则是当今CT研究领域的前沿方向。为了提高分辨率,本文设计实现了一种基于光耦探测器的显微CT系统,对经过几何放大的图像再进行光学放大。由于对其放大倍数的准确标定是实现其测量功能的重要前提,研究提出了基于标准栅格板和标准球的标定方法,对基于光耦探测器的显微CT的光学放大倍数和几何放大倍数分别进行了标定。这样即使在实际测试中射线源、样品和探测器的位置发生改变,亦可直接算出总放大倍数。标定过程还使用了最小二乘法以提高标定精度。二维X射线投影图像测量实验和三维重建结果测量实验显示,此种放大倍数标定方法是准确、有效的。     

Towards realistic characterisation of chemical reactors: An in-depth analysis of catalytic particle beds produced by sieving

Optimization of large-scale fixed particle bed catalytic reactors requires extensive insight into the multi-scale bed structure, even down to the micrometre scale. Theoretical studies of chemical reactors provide a time- and cost-effective means to supporting the optimisation process. However, they rely on simplified assumptions for the particles, e.g. homogeneous perfect spheres. In practise, the preparation of catalytic particles cannot attain this level of uniformity. Typical preparation techniques, such as sieving, are conducted with the aim of obtaining particle size distributions within a pre-defined range, governed by the sizes of the sieves. However, such methods offer limited control in the actual particle sizes and shapes. This paper evaluates the impact of sieving on the resulting particles and overall structural morphology of catalytic beds. The bed structure is quantified using micro-focus computed tomography (µ-CT), enabling the non-destructive examination and analysis of over 150 thousand particles, in terms of particle size, shape, uniformity, and interparticle porosity. Furthermore, the chemical performance of the resulting beds is compared. The detailed characterisation achieved paves the way for the evolution of more rigorous computational models coupling intricate, localised hydrodynamics with realistic chemical processes. Validation of such models at the lab-scale will accelerate the development of more accurate large-scale models.     

Micro-computed tomography scanning approaches to quantify,parameterize and visualize bioturbation activity in clogged streambeds: A proof of concept

Fine particle clogging and faunal bioturbation are two key processes co-occurring in the hyporheic zone that potentially affect hyporheic exchange through modifications in the sediment structure of streambeds. Clogging results from excessive fine sediment infiltration and deposition in rivers, and it is known to decrease matrix porosity and potentially reduce permeability. Faunal bioturbation activity may compensate for the negative effect of clogging by reworking the sediment, increasing porosity, and preventing further infiltration of fines. Although both processes of clogging and bioturbation have received significant attention in the literature separately, their combined effects on streambed sediment structure are not well understood, mostly due to the lack of a standard methodology for their assessment. Here, we illustrate a novel methodology using X-ray computed tomography (CT), as proof of concept, to investigate how, together, clogging and bioturbation affect streambed porosity in a controlled flow-through flume. By visualising gallery formations of an upward conveyor macroinvertebrate; Lumbriculus variegatus as a model species, we quantified bioturbation activity in a clogged streambed, focusing on orientation, depth, and volume at downwelling and upwelling areas of the flume. Gallery creation increased the porosity of the streambed sediment, suggesting a potential improvement in permeability and a possible offset of clogging effects. We illustrate the promising use of X-ray CT as a tool to assess bioturbation in clogged streambeds, and the potential role of bioturbation activity supporting hyporheic exchange processes in streambeds, warranting further studies to understand the extent of bioturbation impacts in natural systems.     

基于细观参数的HTPB推进剂粘接界面损伤演化数值模拟

为了研究加载角度对三组元端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）推进剂粘接界面细观失效机理的影响,使用微CT对单轴拉伸过程中的粘接界面进行原位扫描与重构,表征其损伤演化过程,然后将细观结构参数与损伤变量引入内聚力模型,得到不同加载角度下粘接界面的细观损伤演化过程。结果表明,粘接界面高氯酸铵（AP）颗粒的初始脱湿主要从靠近界面的弱界面层开始,方向沿界面的剪切分力方向。界面破坏形式与剪切角度有关,合力与界面的角度越小,裂纹越容易扩展至推进剂/衬层界面,反之裂纹扩展更容易发生在AP颗粒间。通过与CT试验结果对比,从失效模式与载荷位移关系验证了计算结果的准确性,揭示了不同加载角度下推进剂粘接界面结构的损伤演化规律。     

基于PLC的微型CT自动扫描系统

为了实现微型CT扫描成像的自动化,提高生物实验的效率,采用了X射线扫描技术作为成像方法,以射线源和探测器建立透视成像系统,机械控制系统则采用四轴数控机构,主要由载物台位置调整机构、纵向进给滑台和主运动装置组成,使用以可编程控制器为控制核心、以伺服电机为执行机构的数控系统,并以计算机为上位机,协调控制透视成像系统与机械系统的动作,实现了微型CT扫描成像的自动化。将本系统应用于生物实验的结果表明,该系统能大大提高生物实验的效率和质量。     

联合微米CT和高压压汞的致密储层孔喉网络结构差异定量评价

阐明致密储层孔喉网络结构特征对明确油气富集主控因素，预测有利储层分布具有重要意义。联合微米CT和高压压汞技术，构建包括主流孔喉半径、幂指数、孔隙连通率和多重分形维数在内的孔隙结构参数，对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长8—长6段孔喉半径分布、孔喉网络非均质性和连通性及其差异进行定量评价。结果表明，长6和长8段样品孔径分布特征较好，长6段主流孔隙半径为2.27 μm，幂指数最小，储集能力最强。长8段样品0.1~0.5 μm的喉道比例最高，对储层可动流体分布的控制作用最强。不同层段样品非均质性差异明显，在半径大于1 μm区间内，长7段非均质性最弱，孔隙结构最好。长7和长6段样品的孔隙连通性要好于长8段，配位数和孔体积的有利匹配能提高储层孔隙连通性。     

煤体结构与甲烷吸附/解吸规律相关性实验研究及启示

甲烷(CH_4)在煤体中的流动包含"渗流—扩散—吸附/解吸"3个环节,相比粉状煤,采用块状煤体进行CH_4吸附/解吸实验能够更有效地表征煤层中气体的流动状态。为此,依托渭北煤田韩城矿区煤样,利用自行设计的块煤吸附/解吸实验装置,研究了低压下块状同体积原生结构煤、碎裂煤和糜棱煤的CH_4等温吸附/解吸特性;采用显微CT和扫描电镜分析了3种煤样的孔裂隙结构和显微构造,探讨了煤体结构对CH_4吸附/解吸的影响。结果表明:不同煤体结构煤的CH_4吸附/解吸特性有显著差异。结构致密的原生结构煤,孔隙度较低,导致CH_4吸附/解吸平衡时间长,吸附量低,解吸率低;相比原生结构煤,脆性变形碎裂煤张裂隙发育且相互贯通,孔隙度变大,连通性好,导致CH_4吸附/解吸平衡时间变短,吸附量升高,解吸率增大;韧性变形糜棱煤孔隙数量虽增多,但裂隙被揉皱闭合,形成孤立分布的孔隙结构,渗透性变差,导致CH_4吸附/解吸平衡时间最短,解吸速率最快,说明大多数CH_4仅吸附在块煤内构造变形作用下形成的粒间孔隙中。可知,碎裂煤储层是煤层气开发的有利区域;而致密原生结构煤和糜棱煤储层可尝试通过多尺度压裂、注热等技术手段实施储层改造以增加煤体裂隙通道,达到气井增产增效的目的。     

The effect of resin uptake on the flexural properties of compression molded sandwich composites

Resin uptake plays a critical role in the stiffness-to-weight ratio of wind turbine blades in which sandwich composites are used extensively. This work examines the flexural properties of nominally half-inch thick sandwich composites made with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam cores (H60 and H80; PSC and GPC) at several resin uptakes. We found that the specific flexural strength and modulus for the H80 GPC sandwich composites increase from 82.04 to 90.70 kN · m/kg and 6.03 to 7.13 MN · m/kg, respectively, with 11.0% resin uptake reduction, which stands out among the four core sandwich composites. Considering reaching a high stiffness-to-weight ratio while preventing resin starvation, 32% to 38% and 40% to 45% resin uptakes are adequate ranges for the H80 PSC and GPC sandwich composites, respectively. The H60 GPC sandwich composites have lower debonding toughness than H60 PSC due to stress concentration in the smooth side skin-core interphase region. The ailure mode of the sandwich composites depends on the core stiffness and surface texture. The H60 GPC sandwich composites exhibit core shearing and bottom skin-core debonding failure, while the H80 GPC and PSC sandwich composites show top skin cracking and core crushing failure. The findings indicate that an appropriate range of resin uptake exists for each type of core sandwich composite, and that within the range, a low-resin uptake leads to lighter blades and thus lower cyclic gravitational loads, beneficial for long blades.