Aerobic degradation by white‐rot fungi of trichloroethylene (TCE) and mixtures of TCE and perchloroethylene (PCE)

BACKGROUND: Trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) are considered among the most important groundwater pollutants around the world. These compounds are usually found together in polluted environments but little is known about the ability of microorganisms to simultaneously degrade TCE and PCE. RESULTS: Data showed that several species of white‐rot fungi, including Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, and Irpex lacteus, degrade substantial levels of TCE in pure culture. T. versicolor was chosen for further study since it degraded higher levels of TCE than the other organisms. Initial glucose concentration and reoxygenation of samples increased the amount of TCE dechlorination, but no significant difference in percentage TCE degradation was observed. T. versicolor was able to degrade 34.1 and 47.7% of PCE and TCE added as mixtures (containing 5 and 10 mg L⁻¹, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The degradation ability of TCE was extended to other species of white‐rot fungi. Percentage degradation as well as chloride release from mixtures of TCE and PCE showed that T. versicolor degrades mixtures of TCE and PCE almost as well as its ability to degrade individually added TCE or PCE. The results suggest the potential promise of T. versicolor for bioremediation of TCE and PCE in the environment. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

水性涂料漆膜防霉效力测试若干问题的探讨

介绍了防霉剂防霉效力不同的测试方法以及国内外漆膜防霉性能测试的相关标准，提出了水性涂料漆膜防霉效力测试应采用人工环境长霉试验方法，探讨了国内外水性涂料防霉标准及测试方法中有待解决的问题。     

Soy protein combined with copper and boron compounds for providing effective wood preservation

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA), an arsenicbased wood preservative, is toxic to human health and the environment. Although CCA is stable in seasoned wood, there are potential dangers during CCA manufacture, lumber treatment, and waste disposal. This research was conducted to study the effectiveness of soy products to replace toxic chromium and arsenic compounds in wood preservative formulations. Three soy product (Arpro 2100, HM 90, and Supro 760) were used as fixative agents in preservative solutions containing anhydrous CuSO₄ and Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O. The decay resistance of treated wood blocks was measured by a soil-block culture method. Despite the large molecular sizes of copper-protein and copper-boron-protein complexes, southern pine sapwood was treatable with these preservative formulations. Wood samples treated with >6 kg°m⁻³ CuSO₄ and 7.5 kg·m⁻³ soy product, and subsequently leached for 3 d and exposed to the decay fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum (Fr.) Mur., sustained only 0.5% weight loss over 12 wk. Wood samples needed 40 kg·m⁻³ CuSO₄ and 50 kg·m⁻³ soy protein to resist the copper-tolerant decay fungus Postia placenta (Fr.) M. Lars. & Lomb. These results suggest that soy-based wood preservatives can prevent wood products from fungal attack and can replace CCA.     

新型细胞固定化载体强化白腐菌降解活性染料

为提高白腐真菌的产酶能力和后续对染料的降解效果,采用摇瓶试验研究新型细胞固定化载体——聚氨酯泡沫固定化白腐真菌后的锰过氧化物酶(MnP)产生情况以及后续对活性染料——活性艳红K-2BP的降解效果.结果显示,新型载体固定化培养白腐真菌的5d脱色率为95%,比悬浮培养7d的脱色率高15%.固定化培养产生的MnP酶活为936.61U/L,而悬浮培养的MnP仅为269.52U/L,并且酶活高峰期提前4d.另外,固定化培养体系中碳、氮源的消耗比悬浮培养快很多,而且固定化培养使得白腐真菌具有较高的H2O2产量.因此,新型细胞固定化载体强化白腐真菌降解活性染料的原因应归于这种培养体系碳、氮源的快速消耗而带来的MnP酶活的提高和高H2O2产量.     

丛枝菌根(AM)对水稻生长促进及化肥减量研究

为了考察丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)对水稻生长促进及化肥减量效果,以摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)为实验材料在不同丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)含量的基质中进行水稻盆栽试验.对比分析了水稻根部AMF的侵染状况,及其对水稻生长的促进作用,并在此基础上探讨了AMF强化在农业面源污染化肥减量中的作用.结果表明:自然基质中土著G.mosseae普遍存在,并可与水稻根系形成菌根结构,但其对水稻的影响与AMF空白基质相比差异并不显著.AMF强化能显著提高其对水稻根部的侵染率.与自然基质相比,AMF强化使水稻的株高、总生物量、根系总表面积及产量分别提高了20.6%、30%、36.6%、45.3%.经计算,每生产100kg水稻,AMF强化相对于自然条件下氮肥、磷肥、钾肥施用量分别减少3.14kg、1.88kg、2.42kg,削减程度高达47%.AMF强化能够有效促进水稻生长并提高其产量,而且在农业面源污染化肥减量方面具有重要作用.     

白腐菌Panus conchatus降解稻草木素机理研究──(一)低分子木素降解产物各组分的分离及特征

经白腐菌Panusconchatuss发酵15天的稻草用乙酸乙酯进行抽提可有效分离出生物作用后的低分子量木煮降解产物。利用这些低分子降解产物在酸碱度不同的介质以及不同的有机溶剂中的溶解度不同进一步分离、分级和提纯，获得酚类（LP），芳香酸类（LA1—4）以及中性物质三个组份。我们发现LP与LA是降解产物中的主要组份，它们的得率分别为51．1％和34．4％。如此高的LP得率是白腐菌P．conchatus降解稻草木素的重要特征。本文还利用红外光谱和核磁共振技术对LP和LA中最多的一个组份LA—1的可能化学结构特征进行剖析。     

一株丝状真菌发酵法产红色素培养基的研究

研究了一株丝状真菌Miug-2．7发酵法生产红色素的液体培养基最佳组分，以及液体发酵培养基最佳配方．结果表明，本试验范围内最佳质量配比是淀粉3％，蛋白胨1．0％，诱导物1％，起始pH7．5．     

白腐菌-厌氧-好氧工艺处理造纸黑液研究

对白腐菌降解有机物的机理进行了探讨，研究了经驯化后的一株白腐菌处理造纸黑液的最佳工艺路线，白腐菌在最适培养条件(pH值6～7，温度25-29℃)下进行间歇式处理培养5d，出水再续以厌氧 好氧的处理工艺，在不同停留时间取得了相近的处理效果，COD去除率达70％以上。     

Verrucosidin Derivatives from the Deep Sea Cold-Seep-Derived Fungus Penicillium polonicum CS-252

Six novel verrucosidin derivatives, namely, poloncosidins A–F (1–6), together with one known analogue (7), were isolated and identified from the deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium polonicum CS-252, which was obtained from cold-seep sediments collected in the South China Sea at a depth of 1183 m. Their structures were mainly established on the basis of a detailed interpretation of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. The relative and absolute configurations of compounds 1–6 were determined by ECD calculations and a DP4+ probability analysis. Compounds 1–5 represent the first examples of verrucosidins with a 2,5-dihydrofuran ring which is uncommon among the known analogues. These compounds exhibited inhibitory activities against several human and aquatic pathogens with MIC values ranging from 4 to 32 μg/mL.