油气田开发新技术的优化

为了满足石油企业在油气田开发中后期阶段也能达到生产需求,就需要采用油气田开发新技术,对油气田开发新技术进行研究,优化油气田现有开发工艺技术,不断提高油气田开发的效果,提高油气田剩余产能,为石油企业带来最大的经济效益。     

基于三维地质建模的复杂断块致密气藏产能预测

气藏地质建模技术主要应用于气藏综合描述,能够定量分析孔隙度、渗透率及含气饱和度等储层物性参数的空间分布规律,而对于如何利用地质建模进行储层产能预测,没有经验可借鉴。为此,文中以小城子气田登娄库组复杂断块致密气藏为例,在气藏地质特征认识的基础上,从测井角度分析影响产能的敏感参数,并拟合产能方程,将地质、测井和试井三者相结合,综合应用含气砂体刻画、变方位角及分断块加权平均等建模方法建立气藏产能模型,实现了产能的综合评价。与实际试气、试采结果对比,该产能预测方法在气藏开发前期和中期具有较好的适用性和推广性。     

压裂水平井产能预测方法研究进展

水平井压裂技术在低渗透及非常规储层中得到了广泛应用,压裂后水平井的产能预测关系到油田开发方案的制定,因此,国内外学者对压后渗流模型的建立和求解方法做出了不懈的努力。本文详细回顾了国内外学者所建压裂水平井产能预测模型及求解方法,指出了不同模型和求解方法的优缺点,并展望了压裂水平井产能模型的发展方向。     

共培养微藻Monoraphidium sp. eh1和Monoraphidium sp. eh3提高油脂产率和沉降率

为了提高微藻油脂产率,降低其采收成本,对比了微藻Monoraphidium sp. eh1和Monoraphidium sp. eh3单独培养和共培养方式的影响,同时对于培养结束后提升微藻沉降率的方法进行了研究。结果表明:微藻Monoraphidium sp. eh1和Monoraphidium sp. eh3单独培养的油脂产率分别为17. 45 mg/(L·d)和15. 35 mg/(L·d),而共培养油脂产率可达到38. 82 mg/(L·d);通过共培养后调节藻液pH至7. 0的方法,30 min沉降率可达到95. 38%,与添加絮凝剂的沉降效果相当,相较于单独培养的eh1、eh3的沉降率10. 01%和53. 60%有显著提升。共培养技术结合调节pH的方式,可以为提高微藻油脂产率和降低采收成本提供一种具有可行性的解决方案。     

基于物质平衡方程的页岩气井产能预测方法

页岩气井产能受地质和压裂改造参数综合影响,在开发初期,难以确定可靠的地质模型来预测气井产能。为了快速、准确地预测气井产能,在研究页岩气物质平衡方程和产能方程的基础上,考虑吸附气和异常高压气藏岩石弹性能量影响,建立了基于物质平衡方程的页岩气井产能预测方法,该方法需要参数较少,可在开发初期快速对页岩气井产能进行预测。涪陵地区X1井实例计算表明:该方法综合考虑了页岩气吸附气解吸、异常高压气藏岩石弹性能量的影响,产能预测结果准确、可靠;吸附气对气井累产气量影响明显,约占总累产气量17%,对定产生产气井的稳产期影响不大;吸附气的贡献在2.5~4年逐渐体现出来,定压放喷生产初期产量高,地层压力下降快,吸附气的产出贡献比控制产量的定产生产方式要早;考虑岩石弹性能量的影响,气井稳产时间和累产气有所增加,但影响不明显。     

四川盆地高石梯地区震旦系灯影组气藏高产井地震模式新认识

四川盆地震旦系灯影组为一套主要受沉积和岩溶作用控制的缝洞型储层,以缝洞尺度小、地层岩性复杂、储层纵横向非均质性强等为特征,致使储层钻遇率较低、单井天然气产能差异较大。为了解决该区储层地震识别存在多解性的难题,在对位于乐山—龙女寺古隆起南翼的高石梯潜伏构造区灯四段进行地层精细划分的基础上,结合气井测井、测试资料确定储层组合类型,利用高分辨率地震资料开展了不同储层组合类型典型井的地震响应特征及高产井地震模式研究。结果表明,该区灯四段可划分为3种储层组合类型,对应于3类地震模式:(1)Ⅰ类地震模式,具有"宽波谷+双亮点"或"宽波谷+复波"地震响应特征,缝洞发育,为开发阶段首选的高产井地震模式,可实施大斜度井或水平井工艺;(2)Ⅱ类地震模式,具有"宽波谷"地震响应特征,缝洞较发育,为中产井模式,可实施大斜度井工艺;(3)Ⅲ类地震模式,具有"宽波谷+亮点"地震响应特征,缝洞欠发育,为较低产能井模式,可实施水平井工艺。该地震模式新认识的现场应用效果表明,储层钻遇率超过60%,已完成的8口井平均测试天然气产量高达75.34×104 m3/d。结论认为,基于地震相、缝洞预测及靶体设计一体化的高产井地震模式,支撑了该区天然气勘探开发井位部署和钻井轨迹调整,取得了良好的应用效果。     

The relationship between the number of consecutive days with heat stress and milk production of Holstein dairy cows raised in a humid continental climate

Heat stress is known to affect performance of dairy cows experiencing prolonged periods of high temperature and relative humidity. Less is known about its effects in cooler climates. The goals of the present study were to determine the prevalence of days susceptible to cause mild heat stress in dairy cows living in a humid continental climate and to investigate the relationship between the number of consecutive days of mild heat stress and milk, fat, protein, and lactose production. A 6-yr data set (2010–2015) containing 606,031 milk analysis records for 34,360 Holstein dairy cows at different parities was matched with the corresponding daily maximum temperature–humidity index. Exposure to heat stress conditions was divided into 5 categories corresponding to 0, 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 5 to 6, and 7 to 8 consecutive days before milk test date. On average, cows were exposed to heat stress conditions for 135.8 ± 5.9 d/yr in Southwest Quebec and 95.3 ± 10.2 d/yr in Eastern Quebec. Cows experiencing heat stress conditions produced on average less fat, protein, and energy-corrected milk and lower fat and protein concentrations. The decrease in milk fat reached 6% for category 7 to 8 exposure of cows in parity 3 or more. The association between exposure category and milk yield and lactose yield and concentration was weak. Heat stress lowered milk fat and protein production but had little effect on milk volume output. Further research is necessary to better understand the mechanism underlying the effects of sporadic low- to medium-intensity heat stress on dairy productivity.     

Moving beyond ‘more crop per drop’: insights from two decades of research on agricultural water productivity

ABSTRACT

Concern over increasing water scarcity has led to the introduction of the concept of agricultural water productivity and an emphasis on interventions to achieve ‘more crop per drop’. Yet, a strong debate continues on how the concept is to be defined and used. Drawing largely from the irrigation literature, the origins of the concept and its methodological developments are reviewed, and its use in applied work over two decades is discussed. Based on this analysis of conceptual and applied research, key insights into the concept’s contributions and limitations are presented, as well as opportunities for further refinements.     

非常规气举采油技术在涠洲11-1油田的应用

涠洲11-1油田东块A12h井电泵故障濒临停产,而平台可移动修井机已移至其他油田,短时间内无法修井检泵作业的情况下,通过改造地面注气流程,利用平台分离器高压天然气供气,采取非常规气举技术进行采油。涠洲11-1油田非常规气举采油技术应用结果表明,非常规气举技术在海上油田特殊情况下可有效恢复油井的正常产能,保证油井生产时效,从而保证了油田的正常生产。该技术拓展了海上平台的采油方式,为类似情形下恢复油井产能提供了可借鉴的方法。     

卫城油田低孔低渗储层产能模型研究

产能预测是一种对储层产油能力进行综合评价的技术,对油气田的勘探与开发有着极其重要的意义。对于中、高孔渗油藏,油水渗流基本服从达西渗流定律,产能预测相对来说比较简单。而对特低渗透储层而言,渗流机理非常复杂,影响产液能力因素也更多更突出,产能预测难度非常大。对低孔低渗储层产能进行正确评价既是提高油气田勘探效果的关键环节,又可以为开发的部署与规划提供重要的基础数据。