Utilization of pyrolytic oil and hydrogen enriched syngas from single feedstock (delonix regia) through pyrolysis process and its influence on performance and emission characteristics in CI engine

The main objective of the present investigation is to conduct the performance, combustion and emission analysis of CI engine operated using hydrogen enriched syngas (pyrolytic gas) and biodiesel (pyrolytic oil) as dual fuel mode condition. Both the pyrolytic oil and syngas is obtained from single feedstock delonix regia fruit pod through pyrolysis process and then pyrolytic oil is converted into biodiesel through esterification. Initially biomass is subjected to thermal degradation at various pyrolysis temperature ranges like 350–600 °C. During the pyrolysis process syngas, pyrolytic oil and char are produced. The syngas is directly used in the CI engine and pyrolytic oil is converted into biodiesel and then used in the CI engine. The pyrolytic oil and syngas is subjected to FTIR and GC/TCD analysis respectively. The syngas analysis confirms the presence of various gases like H₂, CH₄, CO₂, CO and C₂H₄ in different proportions. The various proportions of the syngas is mainly depending upon the reactor temperature and moisture content in the biomass. The syngas composition varies with increase in the temperature and at 400 °C, higher amount of hydrogen is present and its composition are H₂ 28.2%, CO is 21.9%, CH₄ is 39.1% and other gases in smaller amounts. The biodiesel of B20 and syngas of 8lpm produced from the same feedstock are considered as test sample fuels in the CI engine under dual fuel mode operation to study the performance and emission characteristics. The study reveals that BTE has slight increase than diesel of 1.5% at maximum load. On the another hand emission like CO, HC and smoke are reduced by 15%,25% and 32% respectively at full load condition, whereas NO_x emission is increased at all loads in the range of 10–15%. Therefore B20+syngas of 8lpm can be used as an alternative fuel in CI engine without any modification and major products from pyrolysis process with waste biomass is fully used as fuel in the CI engine.     

Feeding behavior parameters and temporal patterns in mid-lactation Holstein cows across a range of residual feed intake values

Residual feed intake (RFI) is a measurement of the difference between actual and predicted feed intake when adjusted for energy sinks; more efficient cows eat less than predicted (low RFI) and inefficient cows eat more than predicted (high RFI). Data evaluating the relationship between RFI and feeding behaviors (FB) are limited in dairy cattle; therefore, the objective of this study was to determine daily and temporal FB in mid-lactation Holstein cows across a range of RFI values. Mid-lactation Holstein cows (n = 592 multiparous; 304 primiparous) were enrolled in 17 cohorts at 97 ± 26 d in milk (± standard deviation), and all cows within a cohort were fed a common diet using automated feeding bins. Cow RFI was calculated as the difference between predicted and observed dry matter intake (DMI) after accounting for parity, days in milk, milk energy, metabolic body weight and change, and experiment. The associations between RFI and FB at the level of meals and daily totals were evaluated using mixed models with the fixed effect of RFI and the random effects of cow and cohort. Daily temporal FB analyses were conducted using 2-h blocks and analyzed using mixed models with the fixed effects of RFI, time, RFI × time, and cohort, and the random effect of cow (cohort). There was a positive linear association between RFI and DMI in multiparous cows and a positive quadratic relationship in primiparous cows, where the rate of increase in DMI was less at higher RFI. Eating rate, DMI per meal, and size of the largest daily meal were positively associated with RFI. Daily temporal analysis of FB revealed an interaction between RFI and time for eating rate in multiparous and primiparous cows. The eating rate increased with greater RFI at 11 of 12 time points throughout the day, and eating rate differed across RFI between multiple time points. There tended to be an interaction between RFI and time for eating time and bin visits in multiparous cows but not primiparous cows. Overall, there was a time effect for all FB variables, where DMI, eating time and rate, and bin visits were greatest after the initial daily feeding at 1200 h, increased slightly after each milking, and reached a nadir at 0600 h (6 h before feeding). Considering the relationship between RFI and eating rate, additional efforts to determine cost-effective methods of quantifying eating rate in group-housed dairy cows is warranted. Further investigation is also warranted to determine if management strategies to alter FB, especially eating rate, can be effective in increasing feed efficiency in lactating dairy cattle.     

Droplet Entrainment Analysis in a Flash Evaporator with an Image-Based Measurement Technique

Local droplet sizes and volumes of entrained liquid are captured with an image-based measurement technique for comparison with a conventional, integral method for entrainment analysis. Experiments in a forced circulation flash evaporation were performed for different operating conditions and with two different chemical systems. Droplet size and frequency rise with an increase in thermal energy input. The local readings confirm the trends found by the integral measurement method. The modification of the image-based probe enables the detection of small (≈ 10 µm) and at the same time fast droplets under challenging operating conditions, such as vacuum and superheated feed similar to industrial process conditions.     

导管架平台上部组块双船拆除

为研究复杂海域环境中海洋平台双船拆除方法的安全性与可操作性,采用水动力数值计算与水池模型试验相结合的方法进行研究。将双船水动力耦合计算与水池模型试验进行对比,在相对理想海况下,结合与实际工况接近的规则波作用,进行驳船水动力性能变化与运动响应的幅值分析。在受力分析方面,对甲板耦合装置进行改良设计,对比试验数据与数值计算数据,得到受力在合理范围内的结论。研究内容为实际施工的合理性提出一定的指导性意见。     

Determination of olaquindox,carbadox and cyadox in animal feeds by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Olaquindox, carbadox, and cyadox are chemically synthesised antibacterial and growth-promoting agents for animals. At high doses they may exert mutagenicity and hepatic and adrenal toxicities in animals. Regrettably, these substances are frequently abused or misused when added into animal feeds. Thus, developing a sensitive and reliable method for simultaneous determination of olaquindox, carbadox, and cyadox in different kinds of animal feeds is crucially important for food safety monitoring. In this paper we optimised instrumental conditions, extraction solvents, solid phase extraction cartridges, and pH of the loading solvents on the Oasis HLB cartridge. Under the optimal conditions, mean recoveries ranged from 74.1 to 111%, and intra-day and inter-day variations were lower than 14.6% and 10.8%, respectively. The limits of quantification for olaquindox, carbadox, and cyadox were 0.05 mg kg^?1, 0.10 mg kg^?1, and 0.025 mg kg^?1, respectively. The proposed method uses ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and is sensitive and reliable for the simultaneous determination of olaquindox, carbadox, and cyadox in three kinds of animal feeds (specifically, mixed feed, concentrated feed, and additive premixed feed). This method has good precision, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility, and thus it can be used for convenient and accurate determination of olaquindox, carbadox, and cyadox in different kinds of animal feeds.     

Quality and safety of maize (Zea mays L.) from Rondônia state storage units,Northern Brazil

The quality and safety of maize (Zea mays L.) from different grain storage units (GSUs), located in the main producing region of Rondônia State, Northern Brazil, were evaluated. Maize grains (n = 76) stored in four GSUs were collected from July to November 2014 and evaluated for grain damages, humidity, fungi and fumonisins (FBs) content. The climate conditions data were also obtained from plant growing to storage periods. Regarding the moisture content and water activity (a_w), these varied from 10.0% to 16.1% and 0.5 to 0.8, respectively. As expected, fungi spores were present in 94.8% of the samples, prevailing Fusarium genera, with a fungi colony maximum of 2.2 × 10⁴ CFU g^?1. Regarding FBs, 60.5% of the samples were contaminated, below Brazilian and United States maximum limits, but 9.2% had levels higher than the European legislation.     

±800kV换流变压器套管电场分布三维仿真研究

为解决特高压直流套管绝缘破坏问题,分析了±800kV特高压直流套管的特性,利用Ansoft软件建立套管的三维仿真模型,计算了特高压直流套管在稳态直流、工频交流和极性反转电压下套管内部的精确场强和电位分布,并得到了在温度梯度作用下直流电压和极性反转电压下的特高压套管的电场、电位仿真结果。结果表明,直流电压下,套管的最大电位与交流电压相比,高出约37%。在法兰处,直流电压下其最大电场强度为2.07MV/m,交流电压下其最大电场强度为1.5MV/m,最大电场强度高出27.5%。靠近中心导管端部分的SF6气体中电位分布较集中。温度梯度影响下套管的硅橡胶伞裙最高场强出现在极性反转完成时第5片伞裙附近,最高场强达到1.16 MV/m。相比于常温下硅橡胶伞裙最高场强0.85 MV/m提高了36.4%,说明套管的电场强度更容易发生畸变,将导致绝缘问题的发生。研究成果可为特高压直流套管设计提供参考。     

Responses of dairy cows with divergent residual feed intake as calves to metabolic challenges during midlactation and the nonlactating period

Residual feed intake (RFI) is defined as the difference between the actual and expected feed intake required to support animal maintenance and growth. Thus, a cow with a low RFI can obtain nutrients for maintenance and growth from a reduced amount of feed compared with a cow with a high RFI. Variation in RFI is underpinned by a combination of factors, including genetics, metabolism, thermoregulation and body composition; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsiveness is also a possible contributor. Responses to 3 metabolic challenges were measured in lactating and nonlactating dairy cattle. Sixteen Holstein Friesian cows with phenotypic RFI measurements that were obtained during the growth period (188–220 d old) were grouped as either low-calfhood RFI (n = 8) or high-calfhood RFI (n = 8). An ACTH (2 µg/kg of body weight), insulin (0.12 U/kg), and epinephrine (a low dose of 0.1 µg/kg and a high dose of 1.6 µg/kg of epinephrine) challenge were each conducted during both midlactation (122 ± 23.4 d in milk) and the nonlactating period (dry period; approximately 38 d after cessation of milking). Cows were housed in metabolism stalls for the challenges and were fed a diet of alfalfa cubes ad libitum for at least 10 d before the experiment (lactating cows also were offered a total of 6 kg of dry matter/d of crushed wheat grain plus minerals fed as 3 kg of dry matter at each milking) and were fasted for 12 h before the challenges. The efficiency of conversion of feed into milk (the ratio of feed consumed to milk produced over the 7 d before the experiment) during midlactation was better (lower) in low-calfhood RFI cows, although dry matter intake did not differ between RFI groups. Low-calfhood RFI cows exhibited a lower plasma cortisol response to the ACTH challenge than high-calfhood RFI cows, particularly in midlactation (?15%). The low-calfhood RFI cows had a greater plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 response to the insulin challenge and plasma fatty acid response to epinephrine compared with the high-calfhood RFI cows. These data suggest that high-calfhood RFI cows exhibit a more responsive HPA axis. As divergence in RFI measured during growth is retained (although reduced) during lactation, it is possible that energy is used to respond to HPA axis activation at the expense of production in high-calfhood RFI dairy cattle during lactation and contributes to a decrease in overall feed use efficiency.     

Cellular/dendritic transition,dendritic growth and microhardness in directionally solidified monophasic Sn-2%Sb alloy

Horizontal directional solidification experiments were carried out with a monophasic Sn-2%Sb (mass fraction) alloy to analyze the influence of solidification thermal parameters on the morphology and length scale of the microstructure. Continuous temperature measurements were made during solidification at different positions along the length of the casting and these temperature data were used to determine solidification thermal parameters, including the growth rate (V_L) and the cooling rate (T_R). High cooling rate cells and dendrites are shown to characterize the microstructure in different regions of the casting, with a reverse dendrite-to-cell transition occurring for T_R>5.0 K/s. Cellular (l_c) and primary dendrite arm spacings (l₁) are determined along the length of the directionally-solidified casting. Experimental growth laws relating l_c and l₁ to V_L and T_R are proposed, and a comparative analysis with results from a vertical upward directional solidification experiment is carried out. The influence of morphology and length scale of the microstructure on microhardness is also analyzed.