儿童用品TBT通报数据可视化预警研究

探索采用数据可视化技术分析儿童用品TBT通报数据,以可视化图形图像呈现通报热点并揭示趋势信息,提出对策与建议,助力为儿童用品产业升级、TBT预警数据分析和信息传播工作提供新思路,提高中小企业的国外市场准入机会。     

Crystallization of progesterone polymorphs using polymer-induced heteronucleation (PIHn) method

Progesterone is a natural hormone steroid used in humans for several treatments and in livestock for artificial insemination, which exhibits two polymorphic forms at ambient conditions: form 1 and form 2. Form 2 is metastable and more soluble than form 1; however, it is not suitable to use as powder raw material because it transforms into form 1 by the effects of grinding. A polymorphic screening of progesterone based on polymer-induced heteronucleation method was performed as an alternative to prepare the metastable form. Polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), dextran, gelatin, polyisoprene (PI) and acrylonitrile-butadiene (NBR) copolymer were used. Crystals were prepared from 0.5, 10 and 40?mg/mL solutions in acetone at room temperature by solvent evaporation. The samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microcopy and attenuated total reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. Form 1 was nucleated from 40?mg/mL solutions on the six polymers and from 10?mg/mL solutions on PI and NBR. The mixture of form 1 and form 2 was obtained from 10?mg/mL solution on HPMC, dextran and gelatin and from 0.5?mg/mL solution crystallizations. Therefore, the polymeric devices, which crystallized the metastable and more soluble polymorph (2) of progesterone, would be a promissory alternative for the pharmaceutical applications.     

Physical Stability of Octenyl Succinate–Modified Polysaccharides and Whey Proteins for Potential Use as Bioactive Carriers in Food Systems

The high cost and potential toxicity of biodegradable polymers like poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic)acid (PLGA) has increased the interest in natural and modified biopolymers as bioactive carriers. This study characterized the physical stability (water sorption and state transition behavior) of selected starch and proteins: octenyl succinate–modified depolymerized waxy corn starch (DWxCn), waxy rice starch (DWxRc), phytoglycogen, whey protein concentrate (80%, WPC), whey protein isolate (WPI), and α‐lactalbumin (α‐L) to determine their potential as carriers of bioactive compounds under different environmental conditions. After enzyme modification and particle size characterization, glass transition temperature and moisture isotherms were used to characterize the systems. DWxCn and DWxRc had increased water sorption compared to native starch. The level of octenyl succinate anhydrate (OSA) modification (3% and 7%) did not reduce the water sorption of the DWxCn and phytoglycogen samples. The Guggenheim–Andersen–de Boer model indicated that native waxy corn had significantly (P < 0.05) higher water monolayer capacity followed by 3%‐OSA‐modified DWxCn, WPI, 3%‐OSA‐modified DWxRc, α‐L, and native phytoglycogen. WPC had significantly lower water monolayer capacity. All Tg values matched with the solid‐like appearance of the biopolymers. Native polysaccharides and whey proteins had higher glass transition temperature (Tg) values. On the other hand, depolymerized waxy starches at 7%‐OSA modification had a “melted” appearance when exposed to environments with high relative humidity (above 70%) after 10 days at 23 °C. The use of depolymerized and OSA‐modified polysaccharides blended with proteins created more stable blends of biopolymers. Hence, this biopolymer would be suitable for materials exposed to high humidity environments in food applications.     

Temperature cycling and its effect on mechanical behaviours of highporosity chalks

Temperature history can have a significant effect on the strength of water-saturated chalk.In this study,hydrostatic stress cycles are applied to understand the mechanical response of chalk samples exposed to temperature cycling between each stress cycle,compared to the samples tested at a constant temperature.The total accumulated strain during a stress cycle and the irreversible strain are reported.Chalk samples from Kansas(USA)and Mons(Belgium),with different degrees of induration(i.e.amount of contact cementation),were used.The samples were saturated with equilibrated water(polar)and nonpolar Isopar H oil to quantify water weakening.All samples tested during 10 stress cycles with varying temperature(i.e.temperature cycled in between each stress cycle)accumulated more strain than those tested at constant temperatures.All the stress cycles were performed at 30℃.The two chalk types behaved similarly when saturated with Isopar H oil,but differently when saturated with water.When saturated with water,the stronger Kansas chalk accumulated more total strain and more irreversible strain within each stress cycle than the weaker Mons chalk.     

Suitability,efficiency and microbiological safety of novel physical technologies for the processing of ready‐to‐eat meals,meats and pumpable products

Consumer studies and market reports show an increase in consumption of ready‐to‐eat (RTE) foods. Although conventional processing technologies can in most cases produce safe products, they can also lead to the degradation of nutritional compounds and negatively affect quality characteristics. Consumers strongly prefer food that is minimally processed with the maximum amount of health‐promoting substances. Novel processing technologies as pre‐ or post‐treatment decontamination methods or as substitutes of conventional technologies have the potential to produce foods that are safe, rich in nutrient content and with superior organoleptic properties. Combining novel with conventional processes can eliminate potential drawbacks of novel technologies. This review examines available scientific information and critically evaluates the suitability and efficiency of various novel thermal and nonthermal technologies in terms of microbial safety, quality as well as nutrient content on the production of RTE meals, meats and pumpable products.     

Inhibition of microbial growth in ready‐to‐eat food stored at ambient temperature by modified atmosphere packaging

This study was undertaken to develop a modified atmosphere package to control microbial growth in ready‐to‐eat (RTE) products stored at ambient temperature. Ethanol and/or limonene associated with modified atmosphere (CO₂ : O₂ : N₂ = 30% : 5% : 65%) was used to inhibit the growth of total air‐borne microorganisms and Escherichia coli in RTE products stored at 25°C. The results indicated that 0.05% ethanol vapour in the headspace was effective to inhibit the growth of air‐borne microorganisms and E. coli at 25°C for 72 h in a model study, and the effectiveness was related to ethanol content. Both 73 ppm limonene and 0.05% ethanol vapour enhanced the bacteriostatic effect of modified atmosphere in RTE sushi roll products, and no off‐flavour was detected using this formulated gas; however, no significant inhibitory effect was observed for RTE cold noodle products. This study concludes that combinations of carbon dioxide, ethanol or limonene vapours are effective to inhibit microbial growth in RTE food at ambient temperature, and the outcome may be due to the hurdle effect. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

国产风机盘管空调系统常见问题分析

分析了国产风机盘管使用中常见的问题,指出机组因风量不足、冷量风量匹配不合理以及风机盘管某些设备故障,导致了风机盘管精度低、舒适性差、能耗高等一系列问题。指出应引起空调设计和运行维护人员的注意。     

沙漠地区高精度地震资料处理技术

受静校正及各种类型干扰的影响,西部沙漠地区地震资料的高精度处理较东部地区有更大的难度。对准噶尔盆地中部Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区、Ⅳ区、顺托果勒等区块地震资料在振幅恢复、静校正、去除各类噪音、高精度速度分析及叠前、叠后子波处理等方面进行了大量的试验与研究,形成了较为系统的高精度地震资料处理技术,在西部不同区块地震资料处理中取得了较好的应用效果。     

Prediction of brittle-to-ductile transitions in polystyrene

In this study it is attempted to predict brittle-to-ductile transitions (BDTs) in polystyrene blends, induced either by an increase in temperature or by a decrease in inter-particle distance. A representative, two-dimensional volume element (RVE) of a polystyrene matrix with 20% circular voids, is deformed in tension. During deformation a hydrostatic-stress based craze-nucleation criterion [1] is evaluated. The simulations demonstrate that crazes initiate at low temperatures while a transition from crazing to shear yielding (BDT) is found around 75 °C. The numerical results correlate well with tensile tests on similar heterogeneous polystyrene. The presence of an absolute length, as experimentally found, is more difficult to explain. Near a free surface a T_g-depression is measured for polystyrene and also the resistance to indentation in polystyrene is lower than expected from bulk properties. Both observations are rationalised by an enhanced segmental mobility of chains near a free surface. As a consequence of these findings, an absolute length-scale could be incorporated in the numerical simulations. For simplicity, the length-scale is modelled by taking a temperature gradient over a thin layer near the internal free surfaces of the RVE. Deformation of the RVE with different absolute length-scales shows that indeed also the experimentally found brittle-to-ductile transition can be predicted if the ligament thickness between the inclusions (‘voids’) in polystyrene is below a critical value of ca. 15 nm.     

井下乳化/水热催化裂解复合降黏开采稠油技术研究

实验考察了胜利孤东稠油井下催化水热裂解和乳化/催化水热裂解降黏效果。所用催化剂为水溶性铁镍钒体系,Fe3+∶Ni2+∶VO4+=5∶1∶1,100 g稠油与30 g 0.5%催化剂水溶液在240℃反应24小时。原始黏度(50℃)11.0和8.36 Pa.s的两种稠油裂解并静置除水后,黏度降低76.2%和75.6%,室温放置60天后降黏率下降小于3个百分点,气相色谱显示裂解后轻组分明显增加,红外光谱显示稠油组分发生脱羧反应且芳环数减少。讨论了稠油催化水热裂解反应机理。所用化学助剂JN-A在油水中均可溶,耐温达250℃,耐矿化度达50 g/L,其水溶液以30∶100的质量比与稠油混合时形成低黏度的O/W乳状液。当水相含1.0%JN-A和0.5%催化剂时,两种稠油水热裂解后的反应混合物为O/W乳状液,黏度仅为319和309 mPa.s,静置除水后的稠油降黏率增加到86.5%和87.3%,其中的轻组分含量进一步增加。该井下乳化/催化水热裂解复合降黏法成功地用于孤东两口蒸汽吞吐井,稠油井作业后初期采出的原油黏度由~9 Pa.s降低到1 Pa.s左右,随采油时间延长而逐渐升高,约50天后超过4Pa.s。图2表6参5。