Evaluation of air blast parameters in block cave mining using particle flow code

Air blast, a sudden mass movement of air, can occur in underground mining system where caving develops an extensive mass of unsupported rock spanning a large void. Air blast can result in injury to mine personnel, damage to equipment or disrupts mine operation. Evaluation of air blast parameters is, therefore, an essential part to develop strategies to mitigate the hazard. The properties of a muckpile or a caved zone are significant factors affecting the magnitude of air blast in particular on the undercut and extraction levels. This research investigates the effect of muckpile properties on air flow using the numerical code, PFC2D. The critical parameters such as thickness, block size and porosity (swell factor) of the muckpile have been studied to quantify how much they could change the magnitude of air pressures and velocities while the air flows through the muckpile. It was found that the porosity of the muckpile is the most effective parameter on the magnitude of air blast and by designing a thick layer of blasted rock with low porosity in the caved zone, the intensity of the air blast can be significantly reduced. The findings of this study can be used to design air blast plugs or bulkheads in order to isolate any potential air blast from the active workings, or to quantify the minimum thickness of the muckpile above extraction levels to manage air blast hazards.     

聚氯化铝与聚氯化铁除磷效果的对比研究

以深圳某生活污水处理厂好氧出水为研究对象,对比了聚氯化铝(PAC)和聚氯化铁(PFC)的除磷效果。试验表明,PAC与PFC都具有良好的除磷效果;总磷去除率随着药剂投加量的增加而增加;当药剂投加量大于100 mg/L时,PFC对TP的去除率高于PAC,但PFC对出水pH的影响要大于PAC。     

Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic organic and elemental substances and their degradation and metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues of exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs have been of concern in the circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, as a consequence of bioaccumulation and in some cases biomagnification of legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs and CHLs) and emerging (e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) found in Arctic biota and humans. Of high concern are the potential biological effects of these contaminants in exposed Arctic wildlife and fish. As concluded in the last review in 2004 for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on the effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife, prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. The present review summarizes recent studies on biological effects in relation to OHC exposure, and attempts to assess known tissue/body compartment concentration data in the context of possible threshold levels of effects to evaluate the risks. This review concentrates mainly on post-2002, new OHC effects data in Arctic wildlife and fish, and is largely based on recently available effects data for populations of several top trophic level species, including seabirds (e.g., glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), polar (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), as well as semi-captive studies on sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains a dearth of data on true contaminant exposure, cause-effect relationships with respect to these contaminant exposures in Arctic wildlife and fish. Indications of exposure effects are largely based on correlations between biomarker endpoints (e.g., biochemical processes related to the immune and endocrine system, pathological changes in tissues and reproduction and development) and tissue residue levels of OHCs (e.g., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and in a few cases perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field studies on comparative contaminant effects of control and exposed cohorts of captive Greenland sled dogs, and performance studies mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations in Arctic charr. Recent tissue concentrations in several arctic marine mammal species and populations exceed a general threshold level of concern of 1 part-per-million (ppm), but a clear evidence of a POP/OHC-related stress in these populations remains to be confirmed. There remains minimal evidence that OHCs are having widespread effects on the health of Arctic organisms, with the possible exception of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls. However, the true (if any real) effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife have to be put into the context of other environmental, ecological and physiological stressors (both anthropogenic and natural) that render an overall complex picture. For instance, seasonal changes in food intake and corresponding cycles of fattening and emaciation seen in Arctic animals can modify contaminant tissue distribution and toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism and depuration). Also, other factors, including impact of climate change (seasonal ice and temperature changes, and connection to food web changes, nutrition, etc. in exposed biota), disease, species invasion and the connection to disease resistance will impact toxicant exposure. Overall, further research and better understanding of POP/OHC impact on animal performance in Arctic biota are recommended. Regardless, it could be argued that Arctic wildlife and fish at the highest potential risk of POP/OHC exposure and mediated effects are East Greenland, Svalbard and (West and South) Hudson Bay polar bears, Alaskan and Northern Norway killer whales, several species of gulls and other seabirds from the Svalbard area, Northern Norway, East Greenland, the Kara Sea and/or the Canadian central high Arctic, East Greenland ringed seal and a few populations of Arctic charr and Greenland shark.     

硫酸盐侵蚀下混凝土单轴压缩力学行为模拟及孔隙特征研究

为了研究硫酸盐侵蚀下混凝土力学行为及内部孔隙结构的变化规律,本文对在0%、10%、15%、20%四种不同质量分数硫酸钠溶液浸泡210 d的混凝土试件进行单轴压缩试验,并通过PFC^2D软件模拟应力场分布以研究试验过程中裂缝演化规律,并结合核磁共振分析其浸泡后内部孔隙分布情况。结果表明:混凝土的峰值应力、弹性模量均随浸泡浓度的增大而下降;根据PFC^2D模拟结果,在单轴压缩过程中混凝土内部最早出现张拉裂缝,随后裂缝继续扩展,逐渐出现张拉与剪切复合裂缝,最终形成一条沿对角线贯穿的剪切裂缝;硫酸盐侵蚀后混凝土T₂分布曲线有3个波峰,内部孔隙主要以微孔、小孔为主,随着浸泡浓度的增长,其微孔逐渐向小孔转化,导致混凝土的T₂峰1幅值和面积逐渐增大。     

单周期控制的三相无桥PFC电路的研究

传统三相有源功率因数变换器具有多种电路拓扑形式和控制方法,但整流部分常采用全桥结构,导致输入电流谐波含量较大,电路整体效率不高,而且控制方法相对复杂。基于单相模块构建了一种新型的单周期控制的三相无桥功率因数校正(PFC)电路,通过自耦变压器将三相电路解耦为两相无桥Boost PFC电路并联而成,为削弱2个并联电路之间的耦合干扰,加入分离元件实现了对2个并联电路的独立控制。仿真与实验结果验证了该单周期控制的三相无桥PFC电路的正确性,实现了高功率因数,采用无桥方案也有助于提高电路的整体效率,单周期控制策略控制简单,简化了电路结构。     

基于PFC~(3D)的新型球磨机数值模拟研究

为探索能够提高球磨机生产效率和延长球磨机研磨寿命的途径,利用PFC3D程序,建立了传统球磨机与变结构球磨机的离散元模型,针对不同转速、不同衬板高度,对磨介运动进行了仿真与分析,确定了辅助结构–旋转档板的位置。通过模拟实验发现,研磨腔内磨球的下落速度由原来的2m/s,增长到了5m/s左右。有效地提高了磨介的冲击力,避免了传统球磨机需要通过改变研磨介质磨粒的质量和滚筒的直径等参数来提高研磨效率的局限性。     

等效晶质模型及岩石力学特征细观研究

基于颗粒流理论与颗粒流程序,采用颗粒体模型与光滑节理模型,构建具有岩石矿物细观结构特征的等效晶质模型。通过室内试验与计算结果的对比分析,验证等效晶质模型在岩石力学特征研究中的适宜性与可靠性;同时,从细观角度深入揭示岩石在加载条件下的破裂机制与强度特性。主要研究结果如下:(1)在单轴拉伸条件下,岩石近似与加载轴向相垂直的宏观断裂面,主要由相邻晶质体边界上的黏结张拉破坏构成;(2)在单轴压缩或低围压三轴压缩条件下,岩石近似与加载轴向相平行的宏观断裂面,主要以相邻晶质体边界上黏结张拉破坏为主,导致岩石产生宏观劈裂破坏;(3)在高围压三轴压缩条件下,与加载轴向呈一定夹角贯通岩石内部的宏观断裂面,主要以晶质体内张拉破坏以及相邻晶质体边界上黏结张拉、剪切破坏构成,导致岩石产生宏观剪切破坏;(4)对于类似于花岗岩的硬脆性岩石而言,采用等效晶质模型可再现岩石较低的单轴抗拉与单轴抗压强度比值,且其强度特性采用Hoek-Brown强度准则描述更为合理。     

粗粒土应力诱发各向异性真三轴试验颗粒流模拟研究

基于颗粒流基本理论和物理试验结果,通过改进PFC3D程序中的内置代码,生成包含clump颗粒的混合试样以克服纯球体颗粒模拟粗粒土抗剪强度不足的缺陷,模拟粗粒土在真三轴状态下各主应力方向上的单向加荷试验,并从宏观和细观角度分析了复杂应力状态下粗粒土的应力诱发各向异性特征。试验结果显示:复杂应力状态对各向异性的诱发作用显著,各向宏、细观参数及应力–应变曲线显示出了显著的各向异性;单向加荷试验中加荷向始终为压缩变形,侧向变形复杂,且受初始中主应力系数B影响显著,且B值对非加载向泊松比的各向异性及加载向应力–应变曲线的影响亦较明显;模拟试验中配位数、孔隙率等细观参数的变化趋势能够反映试样体积变形的类型,两个细观参数的取值大小影响抗剪强度的强弱,并且各主应力方向单向加荷时,对应相同的应力增量配位数、孔隙率等细观参数表现出显著的各向异性;从细观角度看,应力诱发各向异性产生的原因归结于侧向围压差异所引起的细观结构变化。     

砂土盾构隧道掘进开挖面稳定理论与颗粒流模拟研究

盾构法隧道施工过程中,土体密实度对开挖面极限支护力值与稳定性影响是一个非常重要的因素。基于Kirsch室内模型试验,采用颗粒流计算分析了隧道掘进过程中土体密实度对开挖面极限支护力、残余支护力以及开挖面前方土体孔隙比变化的影响,从细观角度解释了砂土中盾构隧道开挖面失稳机理,分析了砂土中盾构隧道掘进时土体破坏形态与分布范围;进而提出了计算开挖面极限支护力的改进楔形体分析模型。研究成果可为盾构隧道施工中分析开挖面的稳定提供参考。     

Controller Design Using Ant Colony Algorithm for a Non-inverting Buck–Boost Chopper Based on a Detailed Average Model

In this article, the non-inverting buck–boost converter and its operation modes are scrutinized. The closed-loop stability of the converter in buck and boost modes is analyzed, and the necessity of using an appropriated controller is demonstrated. Then the application of an adapted ant colony optimization to design a feedback controller is proposed, and a controller based on its existing model is tuned. Simulation and experimental results obtained from the ant colony optimization designed controller are then compared with a controller designed with the classic method. Although the simulation and experimental results prove the efficiency of the proposed control approach, a significant difference between controller behavior in practice and simulation is obvious. Finding these differences, more detailed models, including all parasitic elements, in the buck and boost modes are derived. Applying the proposed model in controller design illustrates that the desired performance of the converter can be guaranteed with a simple proportional-integral (PI) controller. The suggested ant colony-based controller is again tuned based on the more detailed model, which improves the performance of the converter system even more. Furthermore, good agreement between analytical and experimental outputs validates the accuracy of the modeling and simulation.