菊粉生物学作用及机制研究进展

菊粉是一种水溶的膳食纤维,近年来,菊粉作为保健食品或食品添加剂得到广泛应用。该文对菊粉多种有益的生物学功能、特定条件下可能存在的风险以及菊粉发挥生物学功能的作用机制进行总结,以期为菊粉作为保健食品、食品添加剂和医用辅料的安全性和有效性提供依据。     

Changes of the cell surface hydrophobicity of Lactobacillus acidophilus La‐5 in response to pH,temperature and inulin

The main topic of this study was to study how cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) could change in response to pH, temperature and inulin; Lactobacillus acidophilus La‐5 was used as a model microorganism. pH, temperature, inulin and incubation time (exposure to prebiotic or incubation at pH 4.0 and 9.0) were combined through a full factorial design and a Central Composite Design; the results were analysed using a multifactorial anova (first step) and a stepwise regression (second step). Temperature and pH significantly affected CSH: an increase in the temperature determined a significant increase in CSH, whereas the correlation pH vs. CSH was negative, as an increase in pH caused a significant decrease in CSH. Inulin played a significant role, but its effect could be influenced by temperature, pH and exposure time. This study is the first approach on the effects of some environmental factors on CSH and suggests that the culturing conditions and/or the exposure to some prebiotics could modify it with positive or negative effects.     

Significance of Inulin Fructans in the Human Diet

This paper reviews the physicochemical properties and nutritional significance of inulin fructans (oligofructose and inulin). These compounds are naturally present in a large number of food crops and serve in our diet as dietary fiber. Inulin fructans can be isolated and purified from the chicory root and used as ingredients in a large range of foods to improve structure and/or taste and to increase the intake of dietary fiber. Inulin fructans have a low caloric value, are safe, and generally well tolerated up to a level of 20 g/d. They exert a range of effects, which can be differentiated into direct effects on the gut and the intestinal flora and indirect systemic effects. Direct effects on the gut include prebiotic (bifidogenic) effects, improvement of bowel habits and bowel function in constipated subjects, increased colonic absorption of minerals (Ca and Mg), and secretion of satiety hormones. Indirect effects are on blood lipids, bone mineral content, the immune system, and energy homeostasis. These issues are discussed and it is argued that promising avenues for research are particularly in the areas of energy homeostasis and systemic low‐grade inflammation in relation to changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota.     

Effect of different levels of fat and inulin on the microbial growth and metabolites in probiotic yogurt containing nonviable bacteria

Effects of different levels of fat and inulin on bacterial cell counts, degree of proteolysis and concentrations of organic acids in the yogurt containing inactivated cells of probiotic strains Bifidobacterium animalis and Lactobacillus acidophilus were investigated. Results showed that both L. acidophilus and B. animalis grew well in the yogurt samples reaching cell counts higher than 10⁶ CFU mL^?1 at the final pH of 4.5. Inulin at the concentration of 1% had no significant effects on the production of organic acids and cell counts of L. acidophilus, but promoted the growth of B. animalis with a reduction in the degree of proteolysis. Generally, different fat levels showed significant effects on the production of organic acids and nonsignificant effects on the cell counts of probiotic bacteria and degree of proteolysis. In case of lactic acid, the ratio of L‐ (+)to D‐ (?) isomer ranged from 50/50 to 80/20 in yogurt samples.     

菊粉酶及其制备低聚果糖研究进展

低聚果糖作为一种功能性低聚糖,具有增殖肠道有益菌等独特的生理功能,近年来备受关注。文章主要从菊粉提取、微生物产菊粉酶、酶法制备低聚果糖及其下游分离纯化等方面,综述了近年来菊粉酶及其制备低聚果糖的国内外研究进展与现状。     

菊粉酸降解动力学研究

通过考察温度、溶液pH值及水分含量对菊粉酸降解的影响,探索菊粉酸水解规律。结果表明:菊粉水溶液在pH 5.0～7.0、温度低于100℃时具有良好的稳定性;但当pH值低于4.0时,菊粉出现明显的水解反应。菊粉溶液在不同温度和pH值下的酸降解动力学表明,其水解反应遵循一级反应动力学方程。利用菊粉凝胶特性考察水分含量与菊粉酸降解的关系,发现相同pH值(pH=3)条件下,水分含量越高,菊粉降解速率越快,凝胶中菊粉降解速率低于菊粉水溶液降解速率。     

不同质均分子质量菊糖凝胶的形成条件

将菊糖原料分级后,探究不同处理条件对热溶冷凝法制备不同质均分子质量菊糖凝胶的影响。采用分步分级法用乙醇将菊糖分为9个级分,SephadexG-50凝胶柱层析检测分级效果,采用黏度法测定各级分菊糖的质均分子质量,用热溶冷凝法制备菊糖凝胶,研究分子质量、加热温度和溶液浓度对菊糖凝胶形成的影响。结果表明:分离得到的各级菊糖的质均分子质量较为均一。菊糖的质均分子质量越大越易形成凝胶,小于一定数值则无法形成凝胶。凝胶的形成随处理温度的升高先易后难,温度过低或过高对凝胶形成都有负影响,70℃下形成凝胶所需的溶液浓度最小。随着菊糖溶液浓度升高,形成凝胶的温度范围增大,当浓度为35%时,可形成凝胶的温度范围最大。     

皮状丝孢酵母发酵菊粉产油脂培养基的优化

采用Plaekett-Burman设计和响应面分析法,对皮状丝孢酵母菌发酵菊粉产油脂的培养基进行优化.首先用Plaekett-Burman设计对发酵培养基组分菊粉、酵母膏、硝酸钾、硫酸镁、硫酸铁、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钙、硫酸锌等进行评价并筛选出了有显著效应的酵母膏、硫酸锌、氯化钙,然后用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应值区域,最后再利用Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面分析法进行回归分析.结果表明酵母膏、硫酸锌、氯化钙于油脂含量存在显著的相关性.通过求解回归方程得到优化发酵培养基组分:酵母膏6.68g/L、硫酸锌0.457g/L、氯化钙0.342g/L.对优化后的培养基进行发酵培养,其生物量和油脂含量分别达到了13.56g/L、5.281g/L,油脂含量比优化之前增加了11.2％.