Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy Studies of Binary Liquid Mixture in Comparison with Eteanol-n-Heptane Evaporating to Air

An expenmental and theoretical study of heat and mass transfer analogy and a comparison of that to a binary liquid mixture evaporation is presented. Common organic solvents, ethanol and n-heptane, were used to form an alcohol - hydrocarbon mixture. Studies were carried out in a horizontal rectangular channel having air flow velocities of 0.2 - 0.9 m/s. Heat transfer coefficients were measured with a copper plate resistor and mass transfer coefficients with a square pool. The heat and mass transfer analogy is presented for a system having two evaporating compounds with a fixed value of air flow and verified by measuring and comparing mass transfer coefficients for distilled water with air flow velocities of 0.2 - 0.9 mls. An illustrative example of the use of the theory for industrial ventilation is presented.     

纺牵—步法中粗旦丙纶长丝沸水收缩率初探

在纺牵联合一步法纺丝机上研究了丙纶切片的熔融指数对纤维沸水收缩率的影响，发现熔融指数高的切片，其纤维的沸水收缩率变化大。沸水收缩率随热定型的温度升高而下降。沸水收缩率可根据用户提供中心值（Ｍ）通过实验确定，一般以Ｍ±１．５为宜。     

Flow boiling in small diameter channels

Many studies have been carried out on two-phase flow heat transfer in channels with hydraulic diameter bigger than 6 mm, but relatively little work has been done for small diameter channels in the meso and compact range (diameter from 0.1 to 3 mm). The use of exchangers with small channels in refrigeration units, which are very numerous besides, could bring a significant reduction of the internal volume of the exchanger, and therefore diminish the refrigerant charge of the whole refrigerating system. One can imagine the interest to widen knowledge on the flow and the heat transfer in small-diameter tubes. This paper examine the thermal behavior of refrigerants boiling in small pipes. The correlations available for in-tube evaporation heat transfer coefficient are discussed and evaluated, when possible, and new research areas of relevance than can contribute to expand the use of small-diameter channels evaporators in refrigeration units are suggested.     

西西伯利亚含油气省北部侏罗系油气藏的渗容特征随埋深的变化规律

在侏罗系油气藏地区划分和对大量分析资料(约8000有效孔隙度和粒间渗透率样品)分析的基础上,阐明了侏罗系粒状储集层的渗容特征,并查明了它们随埋藏深度而变化的规律。指出,侏罗系油藏储集层总的特点是具有中、低孔隙度和较低、低的渗透率。在区域性的油气藏中,牛津阶和巴统阶具有最大的渗容值,而阿林巴依奥斯阶和托阿尔阶的渗容值较低,普林斯巴赫和赫唐- 辛涅缪尔阶渗容值最低,而生产层Ю11- Ю14、Ю2、Ю3 层的特点是中等孔隙度和中等、较低的渗透率。油气藏储集层的渗容值取决于储集层的埋深,上侏罗统砂具有中等有效孔隙度和粒间渗透率,孔隙度由14.2%降至 11.2%,粒间渗透率由 19.62×10-3μm2,降至 236×10-3μm2,而下侏罗统在2750—3750m,有效孔隙由 14.8%降至7%,粒间渗透率由7.90×10-3μm2 降至 0.03×10-3μm2,4250m以下,侏罗系粒状储集层的分布空间有限,其含油气远景可能与欠压实次生作用和裂隙型储集层的发育带有关。随着储集层埋深的加大,渗容值降低,这主要与上覆地层压力作用下的压实作用有关。     

用油气运移痕迹的统计结果确定仓储层厚度--以东营凹陷为例

在对东营凹陷网毯式油气成藏体系结构进行研究的基础上，针对其中、东部的特殊地质情况，对仓储层进行了精细划分。以钻井油气显示和试油数据为依据，研究了仓储层中的油气运移规律，提出了仓储层厚度的界定方法，并指出厚度是影响仓储质量的关键因素，只有在构成仓储层的砂砾岩体达到一定厚度时才能成为有效仓储层。仓储层厚度越大的地方，越有利于油气的运移和聚集成藏。同时在仓储层中显示油气成藏和有油气运移痕迹所要求的砂砾岩体厚度是相近的，而与无油气运移痕迹的砂砾岩体厚度有明显的差别。并且随着埋藏深度的增加，要求作为仓储层的砂砾岩体厚度也随之增大。因此，可以通过计算仓储层厚度来评价仓储层的质量。该方法在实际应用中简便可行，对于评价类似地区的网毯式油气成藏体系仓储层的仓储质量有借鉴作用。     

Numerical investigation of boiling flow of nitrogen in a vertical tube using the two-fluid model

The two-fluid model has been extensively used in modeling boiling flow of water, however, there are few equivalent studies of boiling flow of cryogenic liquids. In the present study, the two-fluid model which is basically included in the CFX code was modified by incorporating new closure correlations, then boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in a vertical tube was numerically simulated using the basic model and the modified model, respectively. Comparison with experimental data shows that the modified model is satisfactorily improved in accuracy. This study demonstrated that the following parameters and models are important for accurate prediction: the lift force, the bubble diameter distribution and the active site density, among which, the active site density has the most significant effect.     

Observations of high temperature impinging-jet boiling phenomena

A high-speed video camera and microphone were used to capture the flow behavior and boiling sound of a free-surface water jet impinging on a high temperature surface during quench cooling. It was found that depending on the superheat of the surface considerably different flow patterns appeared. For cases where the initial surface temperature was above about 300 °C an almost explosive pattern appeared. This was in contrast to slightly lower temperatures where a liquid sheet flow structure was apparent. The change in phenomena was accompanied by a sudden change in the boiling sound and an increase in the heat transfer rate.     

Two-phase flow in high-heat-flux micro-channel heat sink for refrigeration cooling applications: Part II—heat transfer characteristics

This paper is the second of a two-part study concerning two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics of R134a in a micro-channel heat sink incorporated as an evaporator in a refrigeration cycle. Boiling heat transfer coefficients were measured by controlling heat flux (q″ = 15.9 − 93.8 W/cm²) and vapor quality (x_e = 0.26 − 0.87) over a broad range of mass velocity. While prior studies point to either nucleate boiling or annular film evaporation (convective flow boiling) as dominant heat transfer mechanisms in small channels, the present study shows heat transfer is associated with different mechanisms for low, medium and high qualities. Nucleate boiling occurs only at low qualities (x_e < 0.05) corresponding to very low heat fluxes, and high fluxes produce medium quality (0.05 < x_e < 0.55) or high quality (x_e > 0.55) flows dominated by annular film evaporation. Because of the large differences in heat transfer mechanism between the three quality regions, better predictions are possible by dividing the quality range into smaller ranges corresponding to these flow transitions. A new heat transfer coefficient correlation is recommended which shows excellent predictions for both R134a and water.     

基于多连接自适应技术的三层服务器设计及性能分析

针对服务器响应时间依赖网络通信质量的缺点,文章提出了多连接自适应方法,基于该方法设计了一种3层结构的网络服务器,并在此基础上对该服务器进行了性能分析。测试表明,将多连接自适应方法运用到服务器中,能够有效缩短服务器响应时间,提高服务器效率,使其更具实用价值。     

PCB设计管理系统的项目分配设计

PCB设计管理过程涉及的一个重要方面就是有效性管理,体现在资源的有效利用和设计项目的及时处理,即有计划、有目的地进行PCB设计工作的安排和管理.在已有PCB设计管理系统(PPMS)的设计基础上,通过建立需求和资源数学模型,预计需求趋势,做到资源的科学分配和使用率最大化管理.