醇类选择性催化氧化的研究进展

醇类选择性氧化制备相应羰基（醛或酮）化合物是有机合成中的重要反应。综述醇类选择性催化氧化的研究现状,主要有液均相氧化、液多相氧化和水/有机两相催化氧化,对所用催化剂发展状况和反应机理分别进行阐述。均相催化氧化催化剂难于从反应体系分离,造成成本过高,而且污染环境。大部分多相催化剂来自均相催化剂的负载,活性中心分布不均匀,结构不明确,存在活性组分易从载体上脱落和流失的现象,导致催化剂活性下降。以水作溶剂,不仅清洁无污染,且产物和催化剂容易分离,催化剂可以循环使用,从经济和环保角度值得大力推广,但该体系价格昂贵,反应条件不够温和,还需进一步改进。因此,多相催化氧化和水/有机两相催化氧化相对于均相催化剂有更广阔的发展和应用空间,是今后的研究方向。     

富氧舱室环境火灾特性模拟

针对现代舰船通常装备供氧系统的现实情况,选取舱室中普遍使用的聚氯乙烯材料作为舱室固体可燃物的代表,开展氧气泄漏造成的富氧环境对舱室火灾特性影响的FDS仿真研究。设计舱室火灾系列实验和细水雾灭火效能系列实验,分析PVC火源的热释放速率、舱室温度、烟气能见度以及细水雾对火灾抑制作用,并提出这些变化是氧气浓度增加、氧气的冷却作用和舱室压力上升共同作用的结果。     

公路工程路线及路基设计关键

对于公路工程来说,路线设计和路基设计是非常重要的内容,公路工程中的路线布设会直接对项目工程施工质量和施工周期产生影响,而路基设计质量会直接影响公路边坡质量和安全。对此,文章明确了公路工程中路线布设的重要性,对其布设要点以及路基设计要点展开了详细的分析,并结合工程实例展开探讨,希望可以为后续的公路方案设计提供借鉴和参考。     

沉积行为对电火花沉积Ti(C,N)涂层微结构的调控机制

通过改变行走角度和电极直径,在800MPa级高强钢(牌号BF780CF)表面利用单点和多道脉冲电火花沉积技术沉积Ti(C,N)涂层。研究了沉积角度和电极直径对沉积层粗糙度的影响。结果表明:经多道沉积后可较大程度上改善单点沉积形成的表面粗糙形态。表面粗糙度随电极直径的变大而恶化,直径为3mm电极沉积所获得的表面质量最好。采用不同行走角度进行沉积时,引起表面粗糙度恶化的原因有所差异,行走角为45°时主要由熔滴溅射形成,而75°时未熔颗粒的作用变大。     

YG10/CD750双电极交替沉积电火花沉积层的组织与性能

为减少电火花沉积层的内部缺陷,改善电火花沉积层的质量,分别选择CD750和YG10两种钨钢棒作为电极材料,在H13钢表面进行单电极及双电极材料交替沉积。结果表明,各沉积层与基体元素互相扩散。沉积层主要由超细硬质相W_2C、Fe_7W_6、Fe_7C_3、Fe_3W_3C和Co_3W_3C等组成,交替沉积层元素扩散比单电极沉积层元素扩散程度高,沉积层与基体形成冶金结合,无明显分层。各沉积层的显微硬度均比基体显著提高。随电压、功率和频率的增加,沉积层厚度先增加后减小,交替沉积层极限厚度比单电极沉积层高,其中YG10+CD750电极交替沉积层厚度最厚。     

奇姆肯特之歌

<正>在距离北京3000多公里的哈萨克斯坦奇姆肯特,中国石油人用5年时间,完成了一座30多年老炼油厂的现代化改造,一曲石油精神的赞歌,一曲中哈油气合作的凯歌,在曾经的古丝绸之路重镇唱响。"PK"质疑,赢得信赖     

基于多功能整合策略的体育建筑综合体设计研究——以日照市实验高级中学艺体综合楼为例

随着国家素质教育的提高,中学校园的体育和文娱活动场馆逐渐由单一化向多元化转变,针对多数中学体育活动场馆存在功能单一,使用灵活性不佳的情况,该文以日照市实验高级中学艺体综合楼设计为例,从布局比选、空间解读、功能组织、模式切换和屋顶布置五个方面来阐述多功能整合策略下的体育建筑综合体。以体育竞技和教学为主体,通过结合音乐、美术、报告厅等多元功能元素,共同组合成为可以开展多种教学活动和集会的校园场所。     

Power supply for generating frequency-variable resonant magnetic perturbations on the J-TEXT tokamak

To further research the response of the tearing mode(TM) to dynamic resonant magnetic perturbation(DRMP) on the J-TEXT tokamak, a modified series resonant inverter power supply(MSRIPS) with a function of discrete variable frequency is designed for DRMP coils in this study. The MSRIPS is an AC–DC–AC converter, including a phase-controlled rectifier, an LC filter, an insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT) full bridge, a matching transformer, three resonant capacitors with different capacitance values, and three corresponding silicon controlled rectifier(SCR) switches. The function of discrete variable frequency is realized by switching over different resonant capacitors with corresponding SCR switches while matching the corresponding driving frequency of the IGBT full bridge. A detailed switching strategy of the SCR switch is put forward to obtain sinusoidal current waveform and realize current waveform smooth transition during frequency conversion. In addition, a resistor and thyristor bleeder is designed to protect the SCR switch from overvoltage. Manufacturing of the MSRIPS is completed, and the MSRIPS equipment can output current with an amplitude of 1.5 kA when its working frequency jumps among different frequencies. Moreover, the current waveform is sinusoidal and can smoothly transition during frequency conversion. Furthermore, the transition time when the current amplitude rises from zero to a steady state is less than 2 ms during frequency conversion. By using the MSRIPS, the expected discrete variable frequency DRMP is generated, and the phenomenon of the TM being locked to the discrete variable frequency DRMP is observed on the J-TEXT tokamak.     

Effect of rare earth oxides on the morphology of carbides in hardfacing metal of high chromium cast iron

The flux cored wires with different amounts of rare earth (RE) oxides additions for hardfacing (harden-face-welding) the workpieces of high chromium cast iron were studied in this work.The morphology of carbides in hardfacing metal was observed,and the type of the carbides was determined by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy (SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).Based on the data of effect of RE on carbides morphology,the refined reason for carbide by RE oxide was discussed with the misfit theory.The results showed that,the microstructure of hardfacing metal was composed of martensite,residual austenite and M7C3 carbides.With the increasing amount of RE oxide additions,the volume fraction and roundness of the carbides were increased,however,the area and perimeter of carbides were decreased.It indicated that carbides in hardfacing metal could be refined and spheroidized by adding RE oxides in flux cored wires.     

沥青质热裂解、临氢热裂解和临氢催化裂解反应动力学

 实验考察了1种正戊烷不溶解的沥青质在703 K下的热裂解、临氢热裂解和由 NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃催化的临氢裂解反应。3种沥青质转化反应都能较好地吻合二级反应动力学,得到的表观速率常数分别为1.704×10^-2、 2.435×10^-2和9.360×10^-2。建立三集总动力学模型,用于求解沥青质裂解转化生成液体油反应速率常数(k₁)和与之平行的生成焦炭＋气体反应速率常数（k₃）,以及由液体产物继续转化生成焦炭＋气体的反应速率常数（k₂）。对沥青质热裂解、临氢热裂解和临氢催化裂解反应,速率常数 k₁分别为1.697×10^-2、 2.430×10^-2和9.355×10^-2, k₂分别为3.605×10^-2、 2.426×10^-2和6.347×10^-3, k₃分别为6.934×10^-5、 5.416×10^-5和4.803×10^-5。