Insights into biological delignification of rice straw by Trametes hirsuta and Myrothecium roridum and comparison of saccharification yields with dilute acid pretreatment

Rice straw is the most abundant agricultural residue on a global scale and is widely available as feedstock for cellulosic fuel production. However, it is highly recalcitrant to biochemical deconstruction and also generates inhibitors that affect enzymatic saccharification. Rice straw from eastern Arkansas was subjected to dilute acid pretreatment (160 °C, 48 min and 1.0% sulfuric acid) and solid-state fermentation with two lignocellulolytic fungi, Trametes hirsuta and Myrothecium roridum, and their saccharification efficacies were compared. T. hirsuta and M. roridum were tested separately; pretreatment of rice straw with either strain for seven days resulted in 19 and 70% enrichment of its holocellulose content, respectively. However, liquid chromatography analysis of the alkali extracts showed significant differences in cell wall degradation by T. hirsuta and M. roridum. T. hirsuta removed 15% more phenolic compounds and 38% more glucan than M. roridum, while M. roridum removed 77% more xylan than T. hirsuta. Fungal and dilute acid pretreated biomass was then hydrolyzed using Accellerase^® 1500, a saccharification cocktail. Saccharification efficiency of M. roridum was 37% higher than that of dilute acid pretreatment of rice straw, requiring 8% lower enzyme loading and 50% shorter enzymatic hydrolysis duration. Alkali extraction of fungal pretreated biomass also yielded 10–15 g kg⁻¹ of acid precipitable polymeric lignin (APPL), which is a valuable co-product for biorefineries. In comparison to dilute acid pretreatment, fungal pretreatment could be a cost-effective alternative for the degradation of recalcitrant biomass, such as rice straw.     

Flammability ranking of foliage species by factor analysis of physical and chemical pyric properties

In this paper, factor analysis is introduced to evaluate the flammability of 55 foliage species that may be used in China for construction of the fuel break network of forest strips with lower flammability. Six pyric parameters, i.e. air dry moisture content, absolute dry moisture content, ignition point, ash content, caloric value and extractive content, are measured and used as variables for factor analysis. The covariance analysis shows that four principal factors can be extracted to reflect the flammability in different physical and chemical senses. In terms of the contributions of the four factors to the variances and the physical significance of the relevant parameters, the four factors are, respectively, termed as ‘flaming factor,’ ‘air dry factor,’ ‘ash factor’ and ‘absolute dry factor.’ The stability of the factor analysis method is examined by a different number of samples considered, and the variation degrees of the orderings indicate that the method has high reliability to measure the total flammability of foliage species. The results of the flammability evaluation are verified by comparison with the recommended tree species in the Chinese technology standard. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于图像处理技术的瞳孔和角膜反射中心提取算法

为了提高瞳孔中心的实时提取精度和抗干扰能力,利用基于瞳孔-角膜跟踪法原理和图像处理的眼动跟踪技术,实现瞳孔和角膜反射中心的精确提取.首先在红外光源条件下,用摄像机捕获人眼图像,通过图像自适应二值化阈值确定图像处理区域,以减小处理时间;其次,利用高低2次二值化阈值提取角膜反射中心;然后求取自适应最佳阈值确定瞳孔位置和大小;最后用梯度法提取瞳孔轮廓特征点,并用椭圆拟合瞳孔的方法确定瞳孔中心.实验结果表明,该算法在保证瞳孔和角膜反射中心提取的准确性和稳定性的同时,能满足实时处理要求.     

浅析管理在信息系统安全中的必要性

在信息系统安全规划和设计中,管理作为信息系统的安全基础和信息系统各安全层面的基本要素,已经成为构建安全、可用信息系统不可或缺的必要条件。文章针对管理在信息系统安全中的作用、特点进行了论述,并结合等级保护政策提出了相应的管理建议。     

分布式OSGi研究与发展*

OSGi分布式扩展技术将分布式计算技术与OSGi框架融合,使之能够支持跨多虚拟机的异构分布式处理,是OSGi领域的研究热点。系统地介绍了这一崭新领域的理论研究情况,分类比较了几种主流分布式扩展技术的异同,探讨了分布式扩展的性能以及应用进展情况,给出了未来研究与发展的趋势。     

Effect of puerarin on the P13K pathway for glucose transportation and insulin signal transduction in adipocytes

To explore the effect of puerarin on insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and protein expression of protein kinase B(PKB) in the P13K pathway of the glucose consumption, transportation and insulin signal transduction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with insulin resistance. The insulin resistance 3T3-L1 adipocytes model was established by free fatty acid induction. The model cells were managed with puerarin in different concentrations. Glucose consumption was detected with glucose oxidase method, glucose transportation rate was determined by 2-deoxy-3H glucose ingesting method, and the IR, IRS-1 and PKB expression were determined by Western blot. Glucose consumption and transportation were significantly decreased in the model adipocytes, but increased after treated with puerarin (P<0.01). Moreover, the level of tyrosine phosphorylation of IR subunit β was higher in the puerarin treated groups, and that of IRS-1 was higher in the group treated with low dose puerarin than that in the model group. The 3T3-L1 adipocytes of insulin resistance model could be induced by free fatty acid successfully, puerarin could promote the glucose utilization in them to alleviate the insulin resistance, which may be related with the action in advancing the tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1.     

“舒特”攻击行动描述与效能评估探要

文章基于UML概念建模语言对“舒特”攻击行动进行了形式化描述,构建了“舒特”攻击行动效能评估指标体系,运用模糊层次分析法对“舒特”攻击行动的效能进行了评估,同时给出了应对“舒特”攻击的建议。     

木桁架搁栅楼盖振动性能研究

为了深刻理解木桁架搁栅楼盖振动性能与居住者感受之间的关系,对木桁架搁栅楼盖振动性能进行了试验研究和主观评价。研究发现木桁架搁栅楼盖的基本自振频率、静态挠度和振动加速度等指标与居住者的感受有密切关系;通过在木桁架搁栅楼盖中增加横撑和板条撑等加强附件能显著改善了其振动性能;建议木楼盖减振设计体系中将静态挠度和基本自振频率作为设计指标,而评价体系中除静态挠度和基本自振频率外增加峰值加速度这一评价指标。     

美国潜艇采办的主要教训及启示

美国潜艇采办在利益关系、质量控制、进度控制和成本控制等方面出现了一系列矛盾和问题,主要教训是综合建造计划缺位、重大关系统筹不调、综合管理能力储备不足、作战需求转换不畅、多方全程参与不足、合同环境不够科学。我们应从中汲取教训,在潜艇采办中注重搞清作战需求,把握潜艇设计建造的发展方向;注重前期设计,科学制定建造规划;夯实工业基础,妥善选择技术路径;加强全面管理,提高潜艇建造效益;重视人才培养,加强多方合作,建立合作互动的合同环境。     

基于资源分布规律的信息系统风险量化模型

为了实施信息系统的风险度量,首先基于信息流的资源分布规律,参考风险评估要素改进模型,得到具有体系性和完整性的风险分布;在获取风险分布后,基于资源保护角度,考虑安全保护等级,运用层次分析法、多级模糊综合评判、函数级数展开、F-统计量等方法和工具对资源的安全属性所面临的风险进行量化,给出系统的风险量化指标体系,重点考虑风险之间的相关性,构建相关性准则,并得到其计算量为o(Si)。