蛋白粉和奶粉的鉴伪技术研究进展

蛋白粉和奶粉是孕妇和婴儿特别关注的一类食品,但其中的掺假现象十分严重,而且掺假方式多种多样,这严重威胁到消费者的人身健康。本文对其中非蛋白成分(三聚氰胺等)、异源蛋白(大豆蛋白等)、乳源性蛋白(乳清粉等)和非乳脂肪等掺假物质的检测方法进行重点总结,并对各种鉴伪方法的优劣进行对比。      

聚乙二醇-硫酸铵双水相体系萃取α-葡聚糖酶

采用聚乙二醇-硫酸铵(PEG-(NH4)2SO4)双水相体系对α-葡聚糖酶进行萃取,以两相比、酶活、蛋白浓度、比活力以及萃取率为参数进行比较,探讨了使用不同分子量的PEG、不同的PEG浓度以及不同(NH4)2SO4浓度下对酶分配行为的影响。实验结果表明,α-葡聚糖酶在质量分数13%的PEG4000以及13%的(NH4)2SO4的双水相系统中,可获得较高的比活力2364.97 U/mg以及萃取率99.94%。     

谷氨酰胺转移酶对大豆分离蛋白膜性能的影响

研究注模前酶作用时间对谷氨酰胺转移酶(TGase)改性大豆分离蛋白(SPI)膜性能的影响。在注模之前,将TGase(8U/g SPI)加入到成膜溶液中,分别在磁力搅拌下作用0、30、60、120min,然后注模成膜。利用质构仪检测蛋白膜的机械性能,结合哈克流变仪的动态黏弹实验及SDS-PAGE 实验进一步分析。注模前适度的酶作用(≤60min)在一定程度上有利于TGase 改性的SPI 膜机械强度的提高,特别是抗拉强度(TS)值;但是,时间不宜过长,因为注模前的酶作用也会诱导SPI 蛋白组分的聚沉反应,从而降低成膜溶液中可溶解蛋白的含量。结果表明,TGase改性SPI 膜时,一方面会诱导蛋白交联;另一方面,交联过多又会导致沉淀;在利用TGase 提高SPI 膜的机械性能时如何把握两者之间的关系,在交联的同时抑制酶促聚沉非常重要。     

Plasmonic effect of silver nanoparticles on the upconversion emissions of Sm3+-doped sodium-borosilicate glass

The effect of the localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) on optical absorption and photoluminescence of Sm³⁺-doped sodium borosilicate glass containing reduced silver nanoparticles (NPs) is reported (Ag⁺ → Ag⁰). The interaction of ultraviolet light by metallic NPs and its effect on the optical properties of samarium in proposed glass were investigated by absorption and photoluminescence spectra analysis. The existence of the NPs was pursued by transmission electron microscopy technique, revealing the existence of Ag NPs with average size of ∼8–14 nm. The largest enhancement was achieved for emission at 561 nm. Such improvements were attributed and discussed by enhanced electric field around metallic NPs and energy transfer (ET) between Sm³⁺ ions and silver NPs.     

Shape-selective separation of geraniol and nerol via noncovalent interactionswith β-cyclodextrin

In this paper, selective separation of the isomeric compounds geraniol and nerol, based on the preferential affinity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) for geraniol was investigated. To demonstrate the potential application of β-CD for separation of geraiol from nerol, the structure of the inclusion complexes was characterized with various physico-chemical techniques. The selective noncovalent binding property of β-CD was confirmed by quantum-chemical calculations. For the mixture, which contains 50 wt% of geraniol and nerol, respectively, 96% of geraniol in complex can be obtained, and the similar separation efficiency was found after use for three times.     

聚乙烯醇-壳聚糖水凝胶制备与溶胀行为的研究

研究了聚乙烯醇与壳聚糖质量比、溶剂醋酸溶液体积、交联剂戊二醛浓度等对聚乙烯醇-壳聚糖水凝胶溶胀性能的影响,正交实验的结果表明当聚乙烯醇与壳聚糖质量比为2、溶剂醋酸体积为100 mL、交联剂戊二醛的浓度为0.213 mol/L时凝胶溶胀度最大.凝胶溶胀度随着聚乙烯醇与壳聚糖质量比、交联剂戊二醛浓度的增大而减小,随着溶剂醋酸溶液体积增加而增大.     

水基免清洗型助焊剂研究进展

随着绿色化学的发展,无铅钎料专用的水基免清洗助焊剂,在未来电子工业中具有重要的应用价值.本文比较各类型助焊剂,阐述了水基免清洗助焊剂的特点,综述了国内外科研工作者改善水基免清洗助焊剂性能的研究状况,并展望该领域未来的发展方向.     

从诺贝尔化学奖的获得情况看日本的教育制度

文章通过对日本近年来获得诺贝尔化学奖科学家的教育背景与教育工作环境的分析,讨论了二战后日本的初等教育、中等教育、高等教育等对科学创新的影响。日本的初等教育给予了孩子兴趣和自由,中等教育鼓励学生个体发展与创新,而高等教育及其工作环境给予了研究者独立的研究空间和财政支持。日本教育的振兴对日本科技发展的推动作用可以为我国的教育事业提供借鉴。     

植物精油对食品中常见有害微生物的抑菌活性研究

通过测定抑菌圈、气相熏蒸法等体外抑菌试验研究了罗勒精油、茶树油、百里香精油、丁香精油、小茴香精油、依兰油、甘牛至精油、肉桂精油、桉叶油、芫荽籽精油、香茅油、鼠尾草油、甘松精油十三种植物精油对六种食品常见有害微生物抗菌作用。结果表明:十三种植物精油均对细菌、霉菌和酵母具有一定的抑杀能力。百里香精油和肉桂精油抗菌活性最强,均表现程度不等的抗菌活性。六种供试菌种对百里香精油、肉桂精油极敏感,抑菌圈直径均大于20 mm;当两种精油空间体积浓度达到300μL/L时,两种精油对多数供试菌表现出强抑菌效果。肉桂精油与百里香精油复配后对供试菌没有表现出强的协同增效效果,部分出现相加作用和无关作用。复配精油中肉桂精油占80%时,对供试菌效果最好。     

Self-terminated electrodeposition of platinum on titanium nitride for methanol oxidation reaction in acidic electrolyte

The development of high-performance electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation is an urgent task to enhance the efficiency of direct methanol fuel cells. We report a simple and controllable method to fabricate Pt-decorated TiN electrocatalysts using self-terminated electrodeposition at room temperature and ambient pressure. Under optimized deposition parameters such as electrolyte pH, TiN substrate pretreatment, and pulsed deposition potential, quenching of the Pt electrodeposition facilitates obtaining an extremely low Pt mass loading (0.93 μg/cm²) on the TiN substrate. Repeated deposition potential pulses enable a gradual increase in Pt loading, with a precise control of the loaded Pt mass. Maximum intrinsic and mass activities for the methanol oxidation reaction are achieved for the catalyst with a Pt loading mass of 55.0 μg/cm², prepared by 20 deposition pulses. The maximum intrinsic activity achieved with the Pt-decorated TiN electrocatalyst is five times higher than that obtained with bulk Pt. The present results thus provide a facile method for the fabrication of cost-effective electrocatalysts.