Detection and analysis of the microdistribution of uranium in the gills of freshwater Corbicula fluminea by SIMS technique

The microdistribution of uranium in the gills of freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea following chronic direct exposure to this radioelement has been investigated using the SIMS technique. Different exposure levels and exposure durations have been studied. The SIMS mass spectra and ²³⁸U⁺ ion images produced with a SIMS CAMECA 4F-E7 show an U accumulation with the lower aqueous U concentration (20 μg/L) and the influence of the exposure levels on the bioaccumulation capacities. Furthermore, the ionic images display a heterogeneous distribution of uranium within the gill structure whatever the exposure conditions are. This study, in keeping with the ENVIRHOM French research program, was led to the conclusion that ion microscopy is an appropriate analytical method for trace elements and can give elemental cartography in a biological tissue section.     

Evaluation of candidate biocides to control the biofouling Asian clam in the drinking water treatment industry: An environmentally friendly approach

The biofouling Asian clam Corbicula fluminea greatly affects freshwater-dependent facilities in Europe and North America, including in the Great Lakes region. As chlorination has become increasingly restricted, finding alternative control agents is a priority. Due to the species' epifaunal nature, the body of knowledge on Dreissena polymorpha is larger than that on the Asian clam, and there is a tendency to assume that mitigation methods should work similarly for both species. However, this generalisation is inaccurate, and the optimisation of Asian clam control relies on species-specific toxicological data. This paper reports information on the potential of three candidate biocides for C. fluminea control: (i) the cationic polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC), (ii) potassium chloride and (iii) aluminum sulphate. While these chemicals may be employed in a range of contexts, they are particularly suitable for the highly regulated drinking water industry. LT₅₀ values ranging from 284.3 h, for polyDADMAC applied at 10 mg/L, to 855.1 h, for an aluminum sulphate concentration of 11 mg/L, were obtained. Ecotoxicological standard tests with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Daphnia magna suggested that, amongst the three biocides, potassium chloride is the one representing lower potential environmental hazard (with, for example, 48 h-EC₅₀ higher than 1 g/L for Daphnia immobilisation, which compares to values of 20.2 and 112.5 mg/L for polyDADMAC and aluminum sulphate, respectively). The three chemicals are promising control agents at dosages compatible with waterworks' operational requirements with polyDADMAC having the highest biocidal activity, but also posing more environmental risks.     

可控酶法制备河蚬抗氧化肽工艺优化

为优化酶法制备河蚬抗氧化肽的最佳工艺条件,在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Behnken中心组合试验和响应面分析法,研究不同因素水平时酶解产物对羟自由基清除率的影响。获得河蚬抗氧化肽的最佳制备条件为:添加0.94%中性蛋白酶(以河蚬肉计),在料液比1∶2(m∶V),pH 6.00,温度54.70℃的条件下酶解3.91h,该条件下羟自由基清除率为81.63%。     

河蚬中水溶性蛋白的提取及其抗氧化性质

研究超声波辅助法提取河蚬水溶性蛋白的工艺。以水溶蛋白的提取率为考察指标,以料液比、提取时间、提取温度和超声功率为考察因素,采用响应面法对河蚬水溶性蛋白提取工艺条件进行优化设计,并对其进行抗氧化研究。结果表明:最佳河蚬水溶性蛋白提取工艺条件为料液比1∶20、提取时间23 min、提取温度48℃、超声功率920 W,此条件下河蚬水溶性蛋白提取率达到最大值,为67.70%。其中,提取时间和超声功率对河蚬水溶蛋白提取率的影响显著。超声波的空化和振动作用可以促进细胞的破碎,使目标产物与溶剂充分混合,增大提取率,缩短提取时间,对河蚬中水溶性蛋白的提取具有很大意义。河蚬提取液具有较强的清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的能力和较强的铁离子还原能力,而清除羟自由基的能力较弱。     

响应面法优化三相分离法提取河蚬汁多糖的工艺研究

目的 河蚬汁是河蚬煮蒸加工过程中随水蒸气流出的一种工业副产物,含有丰富的多糖、蛋白质等营养物质,往往被作为废水直接排掉,造成了资源浪费和环境污染。方法 本文首先对河蚬汁的基本成分进行分析,然后利用三相分离法（TPP）从河蚬汁中提取河蚬汁多糖,以硫酸铵质量分数、叔丁醇与河蚬汁体积比、提取温度和时间作为单因素变量,以多糖提取率和可溶性蛋白含量为指标,利用单因素试验结合响应面优化确定TPP提取河蚬汁多糖的最佳工艺条件。结果 研究表明,通过单因素分析和响应面优化得到的TPP提取河蚬汁多糖的最佳工艺条件为：硫酸铵质量分数26.0%（w/v）、叔丁醇与河蚬汁体积比1.4：1.0（v/v）、温度37.0 oC、时间30 min。在最佳提取条件下,河蚬汁多糖提取率的预测值为49.80%,实验值为48.05 ± 1.09 %,实验值和预测值相差1.75% ,表明响应面模型是正确、可行的。结论 TPP是一种绿色、高效分离多糖的方法,本研究对实现河蚬汁的综合利用,提高其工业附加产值而言具有重要的现实意义。     

河蚬免疫活性糖蛋白分离及结构初步分析

采用DEAE-52纤维素柱层析,SephadexG-75葡聚糖凝胶层析和RP-HPLC柱层析手段分离纯化,从河蚬中分离纯化得到一种酸性糖蛋白CFP。经RP-HPLC和SDS-PAGE测定,CFP纯度为94.74%,其相对分子量为19030D。经苯酚-硫酸法测定,CFP的含糖量为5.18%,蛋白质含量为93.22%。碱性β-消除反应表明,河蚬糖蛋白中存在O-糖肽键。经红外光谱分析,CFP具有多糖的特征吸收,含有吡喃糖β-型糖苷键。     

河蚬扰动对不同质地沉积物中重金属生物有效性与毒性的影响

为探讨河蚬扰动对沉积物中重金属生物有效性与毒性的影响,制作重金属污染的不同质地沉积物(不同有机质含量和不同砂质含量)样品,采用室内模拟并借助间隙水平衡(Peeper)和薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)原位测定手段,试验研究了河蚬扰动作用下沉积物中重金属生物有效性以及毒性的变化特征。结果表明:河蚬扰动促进沉积物中重金属离子向上覆水释放,使上覆水中的Cd质量浓度增大了2%～12%,As增大了2%～198%;河蚬扰动使Cd、As的活性增大,在砂质沉积物中的活性大于有机质沉积物中的活性;河蚬扰动可促使沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物的含量降低,进而改变其对沉积物中亲硫金属的结合能力,增强了沉积物中重金属的毒性。     

Small hydropower dam alters the taxonomic composition of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in a neotropical river

Hydropower dams substantially modify lotic ecosystems. Most studies regarding their ecological impacts are based on large dams and provide little information about the far more abundant effects of small hydropower dams. Our aim was to characterize the ecological effects of a small hydropower dam and run‐of‐the‐river reservoir on the structure of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Pandeiros River located in the neotropical savanna of Brazil. We tested the hypothesis that benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in sites directly affected by the dam and reservoir would show a different taxonomic structure compared with those in free‐flowing sites. We expected to find sensitive native species associated with the free‐flowing sites, whereas resistant and non‐native invasive taxa were expected in impounded sites. We also explored associations between the presence of native and non‐native invasive taxa to each habitat type. We found that the structure of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages was significantly different between free‐flowing and impounded sites. Also, we found that the dam and reservoir facilitated colonization of non‐native invasive species (Corbicula fluminea and Melanoides tuberculata) because only in those sites they were found in high abundance, in contrast to the free‐flowing sites. Although the environmental conditions imposed by the impoundment altered the structure of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, the effects were limited to sites closest to the dam. Our results highlight the necessity of understanding physical habitat changes caused by the presence and management of run‐of‐the‐river dams and reservoirs.     

河蚬糖蛋白体外免疫功能研究

目的:研究河蚬糖蛋白对小鼠体外免疫功能的影响。方法:无菌分离小鼠脾淋巴细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞,与不同质量浓度(5、25、125、625μg/mL)的河蚬粗糖蛋白和高纯度糖蛋白CFP共同培养,采用MTT法测定其对淋巴细胞增殖和腹腔巨噬吞噬能力的影响。结果:在无有丝分裂原诱导下,125μg/mL的粗糖蛋白和4个浓度的CFP都有促进脾淋巴细胞的作用。在有丝分裂原刺激下,粗糖蛋白和CFP的刺激指数都比未加有丝分裂原时增大。125μg/mL粗糖蛋白和4个浓度的CFP都有提高巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,且2种河蚬糖蛋白都表现出一定的剂量效应关系。结论:河蚬粗糖蛋白和CFP均有免疫增强活性,其中CFP的活性较强。     

Proteomic Profiling of Cytosolic Glutathione Transferases from Three Bivalve Species: Corbicula fluminea,Mytilus galloprovincialis and Anodonta cygnea

Suspension-feeding bivalves are considered efficient toxin vectors with a relative insensitivity to toxicants compared to other aquatic organisms. This fact highlights the potential role of detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione transferases (GSTs), in this bivalve resistance. Nevertheless, the GST system has not been extensively described in these organisms. In the present study, cytosolic GSTs isoforms (cGST) were surveyed in three bivalves with different habitats and life strategies: Corbicula fluminea, Anodonta cygnea and Mytilus galloprovincialis. GSTs were purified by glutathione-agarose affinity chromatography, and the collection of expressed cGST classes of each bivalve were identified using a proteomic approach. All the purified extracts were also characterized kinetically. Results reveal variations in cGST subunits collection (diversity and properties) between the three tested bivalves. Using proteomics, four pi-class and two sigma-class GST subunits were identified in M. galloprovincialis. C. fluminea also yielded four pi-class and one sigma-class GST subunits. For A. cygnea, two mu-class and one pi-class GST subunits were identified, these being the first record of GSTs from these freshwater mussels. The affinity purified extracts also show differences regarding enzymatic behavior among species. The variations found in cGST collection and kinetics might justify diverse selective advantages for each bivalve organism.