婴儿配方粉干法加工过程肠杆菌科和克罗诺杆菌属监测

目的了解婴儿配方粉干法加工过程中肠杆菌科和克罗诺杆菌属的分布,掌握终产品中克罗诺杆菌属的污染途径。方法对4家企业的产品相关样品(原辅料、中间产品和终产品)和环境进行监测,选择传统分离培养方法对肠杆菌科和克罗诺杆菌属进行检验,利用脉冲场凝胶电泳技术进行克罗诺杆菌属溯源研究。结果地面、空调回风口和使用后的清洁工具中肠杆菌科检出率较高,均在20%左右。产品相关样品、清洁作业区环境相关样品中克罗诺杆菌属检出率分别为2.56%(12/468)和0.27%(6/2 185),22株分离株共有13种脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)带型,每个企业的指纹图谱各不相同,其中有四组分离株分别具有同源性。终产品中克罗诺杆菌属的污染主要来自原辅料,其次为环境中定植的菌株。结论该研究对掌握婴儿配方粉加工企业肠杆菌科和克罗诺杆菌属的污染分布及终产品中克罗诺杆菌属的可能污染源,制定加工过程的卫生控制措施,确保终产品的安全具有重要意义。     

Visual evaluation of cattle cleanliness and correlation to carcass microbial contamination during slaughtering

The aim of the study was to establish whether the visual cleanliness of cattle slaughtered was correlated to hide and carcass contamination as indicated by aerobic colony count (ACC), Enterobacteriaceae count (EC) and Escherichia coli count (ECC). Cattle in a slaughterhouse were visually inspected and assigned to a category from 1 (very clean) to 5 (very dirty) based on cleanliness. Fifteen animals for each category were randomly selected, hide and carcass sampled and analyzed for ACC, EC and ECC. Results showed that increasing dirt on cattle was associated with higher ACC, EC and ECC on hide and carcasses. Carcass ACC and ECC belonging to animals classified in cleanliness categories 3, 4 or 5 have a higher probability of exceeding the limits set by the Reg. EU 2073/2005. The study supports the conclusion that the pre-slaughter visual evaluation of animal cleanliness and application of corrective actions can be an effective aid to reduce carcass contamination.     

Selective enumeration of viable Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. in milk within 7 h by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization following microcolony formation

Rapid and simultaneous enumeration of viable Enterobacteriaceae and viable Pseudomonas spp. in milk was achieved by using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with oligonucleotide probes based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences in combination with a microcolony growth method (multicolor microcolony-FISH; MMC-FISH). The procedure of MMC-FISH method is rather simple; that is milk clearing, filtration of cells, incubation, hybridization and enumeration. Enumeration of targeted bacteria in logarithmic growth phase, stationary phase, or in a starved state in milk by MMC-FISH required 5-7 h, while it took 1-3 days to test for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida by the conventional culture method. The numbers of E. coli and P. putida in each phase or in a starved state in milk determined by MMC-FISH were almost the same or greater than the number of colony forming units determined by the plate counting method. The MMC-FISH allows rapid examination of contamination in milk by viable Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. with growth potential.     

Determination of biogenic amines in sucuk

The biogenic amines content of sucuk (Turkish dry fermented sausage) were determined on 30 samples obtained from retail markets and butchers in Turkey. Also, pH and a_w values, microbiological properties, and NPN levels of these samples were analyzed. The most important biogenic amines were tyramine (range 2.4–676 mg/kg), followed by putrescine varied from not detected to 364 mg/kg. Histamine content was under 50 mg/kg in 80% of the samples while it was over 100 mg/kg in only one sample. Tryptamine was detected in 16 of 30 samples in the range of 1.2–82.3 mg/kg.

Lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriaceae counts of samples varied from 2.84 to 8.85 log cfu/g, <2.00 to 6.74 log cfu/g, and <2.00 to 5.04 log cfu/g, respectively. pH values were varied between 4.53 and 6.29 while water activity (a_w) were measured to be between 0.761 and 0.960. NPN values were determined to be between 1.47% and 4.10%. Generally, total amine content was high in samples that had high NPN levels.     

Comparison of the microflora isolated from spoiled cold-smoked salmon from three smokehouses

The microflora on spoiled, sliced and vacuum packed, cold-smoked salmon from three smokehouses was quantified and characterized in two independent experiments. Large variations in the microflora were observed both within (i.e. among vacuum packs from the same batch) and among the smokehouses. Lactic acid bacteria dominated the microflora, which reached 10⁷ cfu g⁻¹. Total viable counts of microorganisms alone were not related to quality, though spoilage characteristics were typical for microbiological spoilage. Among the lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus curvatus (ca 52–55%) was the most common species in both experiments with Lactobacillus saké, Lactobacillus plantarum, Carnobacterium spp. and Leuconostoc spp. present in smaller numbers. In some cases, large numbers of Enterobacteriaceae were also present and identified species were Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter agglomerans and Hafnia alvei. The microflora on cold-smoked salmon appeared to be related to the source of contamination i.e. the raw material and/or the smokehouse rather than being specific for the product, thus rendering the identification of the specific spoilage organisms difficult.     

ENTEROBACTER AGGLOMERANS—A NEW BACTERIAL CONTAMINANT ISOLATED FROM LAGER BEER BREWERIES

From a large number of bacterial strains isolated from all stages of the brewing process in four different beer breweries in South Africa, fifty-five bacterial strains were identified as Enterobacteriaceae by phenotypic analysis. All enterobacterial species previously reported in brewery samples, as well as eighteen strains of Enterobacter agglomerans were found. E. agglomerans strains were isolated from pitching yeast and fermenting wort samples. The occurrence of E. agglomerans in pitching yeast is significant and indicates that these bacteria survive the brewing process. E. agglomerans is regarded as a potential beer spoilage contaminant in lager beer breweries.     

不同发酵条件下熏马肠中高产生物胺肠杆菌生长预测模型的研究

为了研究高产生物胺肠杆菌在不同发酵条件下的动态变化情况,将高产生物胺肠杆菌(阴沟肠杆菌和气味沙雷氏菌)接种到无污染的马肉中,并制作成熏马肠,置于20、25、30和35℃发酵条件下发酵,建立肠杆菌在熏马肠中的生长预测模型,并对模型进行验证。采用Origin 8.0统计软件拟合不同温度下肠杆菌的生长情况,研究结果表明,所选取的修正的Gompertz模型对不同发酵温度下肠杆菌在熏马肠中的生长曲线拟合效果较好,相关系数都在0.980之上。利用平方根模型反应温度与最大比生长速率和延滞时间的关系,结果呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(R2)分别为0.951 8和0.987 8,其残差的绝对值均在0.1左右浮动,表明所建立的二级模型平方根模型拟合效果较好,也说明建立的20—35℃发酵温度下熏马肠中高产生物胺肠杆菌的生长预测模型有比较好的预测效果。     

环介导等温扩增技术在肠杆菌科致病菌检测中的研究进展

环介导等温扩增（loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP）技术是近年来新发展起来的一种恒温核酸扩增技术,该技术具有设备简单、检测速度快、灵敏度高、特异性强以及扩增效率高等优点,已被广泛地应用于食源性致病菌的检测研究。本文重点阐述近年来国内外学者应用LAMP技术在肠杆菌科中常见致病菌的检测研究进展。