Reforming of methane with carbon dioxide over supported bimetallic catalysts containing Ni and noble metal: I. Characterization and activity of SiO2 supported Ni–Rh catalysts

Cobalt catalysts supported on silica aerogel have been prepared using sol–gel chemistry followed by drying under supercritical ethanol conditions. Three different loadings of cobalt were synthesized: 2, 6, and 10% by weight. Transmission electron micrographs indicate that the metallic cobalt exists as discrete particles 50–70 nm in diameter for the 2 and 6% loadings. The 10% catalyst shows long needles of cobalt. BET and BJH measurements indicate that the catalysts retain the silica aerogel properties of high surface area (∼800 m²/g), large pore volume (∼5 cm³/g), and an average pore diameter in the mesoporous regime (∼25 nm). The catalysts were evaluated for Fischer–Tropsch activity in a laboratory-scale packed bed reactor. All three catalysts were active with the 10% Co catalyst achieving more than 20% CO conversion which corresponds to a rate of 1.53 g CO per g-cat per hour. The catalysts were selective for the C₁₀₊ hydrocarbons with more than 50% of the carbon contained within this fraction. A significant portion of the C₉–C₁₅ hydrocarbon product was observed as 1-olefins which reflects the enhanced mass transport within the very porous aerogel support.     

Inorganic matter characterization in vegetable biomass feedstocks

A combination of techniques was used to characterize the inorganic constituents of four types of vegetable biomass: apple pulp, olive cake, olive tree prunings and thistle. Two methods were used to selectively eliminate organic matter: low-temperature oxidation in an oxygen plasma, and medium-temperature oxidation in air. Inorganic species present in the residues were identified by X-ray diffraction and FT-IR spectroscopy.The combination of these techniques allowed one to detect SiO₂, CaCO₃ and various other Ca-, Mg-, Na- and K-containing phases as inorganic constituents of the studied biomass residues. It is concluded that the oxygen plasma treatment produces sulphates and nitrates that were not present in the starting material. Medium-temperature oxidation does not produce these artificial species but induces some thermal transformations in the mineral constituents of biomass, so that each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages.     

Development of the Acidity of Zirconia-Supported Niobia Catalysts

A series of NbO _x /ZrO₂ catalysts containing up to 2.67wt Nb (ca. 80 nominal surface coverage) was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation from niobium oxalate and oxalic acid solution. The structure of the catalysts was monitored by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicated the presence of a surface Nb phase. No evidence for the formation of crystalline Nb₂O₅ species was found. The development of the acidity as a function of Nb loading was monitored by adsorption of a basic probe molecule followed by infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated the appearance of Brnsted acid sites for a threshold of Nb loading. The abundance of Brnsted acid sites correlated well with the isopropanol dehydration activity. The overall behavior was very similar to that reported earlier for the WO _x /ZrO₂ system.     

Ion-dipole interactions between adsorbed CO and support cations in Pt/K-LTL

The adsorption of carbon monoxide on a non-acidic Pt/K-LTL catalyst has been studied by diffuse reflectance and transmission IR spectroscopy. The CO spectrum is strongly dependent on the experimental conditions. Adsorption on the small Pt clusters in the presence of water gives linear-CO bands between 2060 and 1990 cm^–1 and a bridging-CO band around 1800 cm^–1. In the absence of water, the linear bands are red shifted to about 1940 and 1720 cm^–1, respectively. The frequency shift is attributed to an ion-dipole interaction between adsorbed CO and support cations. The ion-dipole interaction is screened by the adsorbed water leading to a smaller red shift in the CO stretching frequency.     

Role of the nature of the acid sites in the oxydehydrogenation of propane on a VPO/TiO2 catalyst. An in situ FT-IR spectroscopy investigation

Catalytic activity and surface acidity during the oxydehydrogenation of propane over a VPO/TiO₂ catalyst were determined by a dynamic in situ FT-IR spectroscopy technique at 350°C. Pyridine was used as a probe molecule for the acidity measurements. The obtained results show that propene formation is linked to Brønsted acid sites and that water increases the number of these sites which, in turn, increases propene selectivity.     

累托石层孔材料在废水处理中的应用研究(Ⅷ)——层柱累托石的表征

研究了不同条件下制备的Ti/Zr层柱累托石,利用差热分析、红外光谱分析、X射线粉晶衍射、扫描电镜、BET比表面积分析等方法对层柱累托石的性能进行了表征.红外吸收光谱分析结果表明层柱反应只在层间域内进行,Ti/Zr层柱累托石不仅含有丰富的羟基,而且具有较强的热稳定性. X射线粉晶衍射分析结果表明:Ti基层柱累托石的层间高度可达1.8～1.9 nm;多金属聚合阳离子比单一金属聚合阳离子柱撑可获得更大的层间;钛层柱累托石经高温(400 ℃)焙烧开始出现锐钛矿新相.差热分析说明柱撑后的累托石的热稳定性大为增强.Ti/Zr层柱累托石的BET比表面积为202.434 m2/g,表面酸性＜+3.5,松散堆积密度为0.930 8 g/mL.     

Influence of Heating on the Structure of Hyaluronan

1Introduction Hyaluronan(HA)isakindofpolysaccharideofa highmoleculeweightcommonlyexistingintheextra cel lularmatrix(ECM)ofthevertebrate.Recentlymuchre searchhasbeendoneonapplyinghyaluronantothescaf foldintissueengineering[14].Preliminaryresultsofheat degradationhavebeenreportedforHA[5],howeverthe selectingofheatingtemperatureseemsabitrandom.In thisarticle,theauthorselectedtheheatingtemperature fromtheDTAcurve.Sincehyaluronaniscommonlyused underanimalheat(36.5℃40℃),thisstudydoesnot havec…     

Electrochemical flotation of diethyldithiocarbamate-pyrrhotite system

Using sodium diethyldithiocarbamate as a collector the flotation behavior of pyrrhotite was investigated.The relationship between potential and pH range for pyrrhotite flotation was established. The results show that the flotation of pyrrhotite is dependent on pulp potential at certain pH values. Pyrrhotite has good floatability from pH 2 to pH 12, and poor flotability at pH＞12. Cyclic voltammetry and Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis show that the major adsorption product of DDTC on pyrrhotite is tetraethylthiuram disulfide. The intensity of Fourier transform infrared signals of tetraethylthiuram disulfide adsorbed on pyrrhotite and the anode current of a pyrrhotite electrode and flotation response of pyrrhotite are correlated with pulp potentials.     

速溶型聚丙烯酰胺的表征

通过微乳液法合成了高相对分子质量(Mr=1300万)粉状聚丙烯酰胺，采用FT—IR、SEM及DTG研究了聚合物的结构与其溶解性能的关系，并把该产品与国产及进口样品的综合性能数据进行了对照，研究结果表明：合成的聚丙烯酰胺具有纤维状、层状、孔状结构，这种结构是产品速溶的主要原因。     

原位红外光谱研究白油的热氧老化过程

采用原位红外研究了白油在氧气中的热氧老化过程．并通过热分析动力学研究了其热氧老化的反应速率及反应机理。研究表明．白油在热氧老化过程中主要发生断链和氧化反应。白油的断链为一级反应。在白油中加入多种不同类型添加剂,可以发现,白油的分解、断链和氧化均有不同程度的减弱。