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排序方式: 共有258条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
This study investigated the effect of solubility of amphiphilic compounds of acidic crude oil in water on the surface and interfacial tension (IFT) with NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and Na2SO4 salts. Accordingly, distilled water, along with the salts mentioned in zero ionic strength up to 2 mol were put in contact with crude oil to become saturated with amphiphilic compounds. The effects of these compounds were investigated on the properties of contact water by pH, total organic carbon (TOC), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), water-air surface tension (ST), and water-n-decane IFT tests. The results showed that some of the organic components of crude oil, especially acidic and basic compounds, are present or soluble in water, which have a significant effect on reducing the surface and IFT. The IFT reduction of water-n-decane was greater than the water-air ST system. Also, the observations showed that for both NaCl and Na2SO4 salt water, with increasing ionic strength of water, there was an optimum salinity within the range of 0.1-0.25 mol/L for both salts with the amount of surface and IFT minimized at this point. In the other two salts, this point was delayed upon elevation of ionic strength and was observed at high salinity. In this case, divalent cations reduce tension rate compared to monovalent cations. Due to solubility of acidic and basic groups in water, pH of salt water illustrates an acidic trend. Results of the FTIR test confirmed solubility of these compounds as well.  相似文献   
2.
We recently reported on the diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from dairy herds in China. In our previous work, isolates from subclinical mastitis (SCM) had lower indices of diversity when compared with bacteria from other sources, possibly due to a contagious-like spread of udder adapted strains. Here we explored the virulence profile and capsular types of K. pneumoniae isolated from different sources on 2 dairy farms in China. Our overarching goal was to gain insights on the role of virulence genes toward the severity of mastitis caused by K. pneumoniae. A total of 1,484 samples were collected from clinical mastitis (CM; n = 355), SCM (n = 561), bulk tank milk (BTM; n = 130), and environmental and extramammary (EE) sites (n = 438). From those, 431 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained, including 129, 77, 66, and 159 isolates from CM, SCM, BTM, and EE samples, respectively. Polymerase chain reactions were used to determine the capsular types and to detect potential virulence genes in all isolates. No significant farm effects were observed when comparing the distribution of most virulence genes in K. pneumoniae isolated from each source. K57 was the most prevalent capsular type in K. pneumoniae from all sources, but with increased detection rate in isolates from CM. entB, kfu, fimH1, mrkD, and β-d-lacZ were frequently detected in K. pneumoniae from all sources. β-d-lacZ, entB, and ituA were more prevalent in isolates from CM, whereas kfu, allS, and nif were more frequently detected in isolates from SCM. ybtS, aerobactin, and rpmA had increased prevalence in K. pneumoniae from BTM when compared with bacteria from other sources. No association was detected between virulence genes and the severity of CM. K57 and the nif gene had the highest discriminatory power to classify isolates from CM and SCM, respectively. Based on our findings, it is likely that K57 is the dominant capsular type in K. pneumoniae causing CM in large Chinese dairy herds. Likewise, we demonstrated that β-d-lacZ is disseminated in K. pneumoniae isolated from large Chinese dairy farms, irrespectively of the source of bacteria. Our results also suggest a low contribution of the virulence profile of K. pneumoniae toward CM severity. Finally, the role of nif in increasing the adaptability to the udder and promoting a contagious-like spread of K. pneumoniae warrants further investigation.  相似文献   
3.
Reducing water losses is seen as key to sustainable water management, but turns out to be challenging. This paper applies a panel data analysis with fixed effects to assess the major drivers of non-revenue water, some of which are under the control of utilities and some of which are not. The analysis finds that the most important drivers are population density per kilometer of network and type of distribution network, which are mostly resulting from urbanization patterns which are factors mostly out of the control of the utility. Yet, low opportunity costs of water losses and high repair costs of water losses have an important adverse effect on water loss reduction. We also found that the country environment in which the utility operates has an important impact on non-revenue water levels.  相似文献   
4.
In the first critical assessment of knowledge economy dynamic paths in Africa and the Middle East, but for a few exceptions, we find overwhelming support for diminishing cross-country disparities in knowledge-based economy dimensions. The paper employs all the four components of the World Bank's Knowledge Economy Index (KEI): economic incentives, innovation, education, and information infrastructure. The main finding suggests that sub-Saharan African (SSA) and the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries with low levels of KE dynamics and catching-up their counterparts of higher KE levels. We provide the speeds of integration and time necessary to achieve full (100%) integration. Policy implications are also discussed.  相似文献   
5.
Background: The present study is to investigate the neuroprotective effect of ibuprofen by intranasal administration of mucoadhesive microemulsion (MMEI) against inflammation-mediated by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Methods: Ibuprofen-loaded polycarbophil-based MMEI was developed by using response surface methodology (RSM). Ibuprofen with dose of 2.86 mg/kg/day was administered intranasally to male C57BL/6 mice for two consecutive weeks which were pre-treated with four intraperitoneal injections of MPTP (20?mg/kg of body weight) at 2?h intervals. Immunohistochemistry was performed.

Results: Optimal MMEI was stable and non-ciliotoxic with 66.29?±?4.15?nm as average globule size and??20.9?±?3.98?mV as zeta potential. PDI value and transmission electron microscopy result showed the narrow globule size distribution of MMEI. The result showed that all three independent variables had a significant effect (p?<?0.05) on the responses. Rota-rod and open-field test findings revealed the significant improvement in motor performance and gross behavioral activity of the mice. The results from in vivo study and immunohistochemistry showed that nasal administration of Ibuprofen significantly reduced the MPTP-mediated dopamine depletion. Furthermore TH neurons count in the substantia nigra and the density of striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals were found to be significant higher for ibuprofen treated groups.

Conclusion: Findings of the investigation revealed that Ibuprofen through developed MMEI was shown to protect neurons against MPTP-induced injury in the Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum and hence, could be a promising approach for brain targeting of Ibuprofen through intranasal route to treat PD.  相似文献   
6.
Aiming to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions associated with cement production, alternative binders such as inorganic polymers currently receive substantial attention and slags from the non-ferrous metallurgy are promising precursors. However, studies  that correlate their chemistry and crystallinity with the newly formed binder remain limited. In this work, the effect of three different solidification methods on glass formation and reactivity of FeOx–SiO2 slags, as well as on the molecular structure of the resultant Fe-rich inorganic polymers, was investigated. The inorganic polymers were synthesized by mixing the slags (approximate molar ratio FeO/SiO2 = 1.6) with an alkali silicate solution (molar ratios SiO2/Na2O = 1.6 and H2O/Na2O = 25). Results demonstrated that higher cooling rates promoted higher glass formation and faster reaction kinetics when the slags were activated. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy indicated that all the slags consisted predominantly of Fe2+ ions with a minor amount of Fe3+ ions, regardless of the variability in glass content. The binder phase of all inorganic polymers consisted of iron in both Fe2+ and Fe3+ states, after 28 days of curing. After pulverizing the inorganic polymer pastes and exposing the powder to air for 28 additional days, the Fe2+ state in the binder transformed to Fe3+. The compressive strength evolution of the three slags showed that the 2-day strength was higher for the samples with a higher amorphous fraction, while after 28 days, this influence was less pronounced.  相似文献   
7.
Betulinic acid, a very promising anti-melanoma agent, has very low water solubility that causes low bioavailability. To overcome this inconvenience, a highly water-soluble cyclodextrin was used (octakis-[6-deoxy-6-(2-sulfanyl ethanesulfonic acid)]-γ-cyclodextrin). The complex was physico-chemically analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods and then in vitro tested for its antiproliferative activity by the MTT assay and by cell cycle analysis. Finally, the complex was tested in vivo using an animal model of murine melanoma developed in C57BL/6J mice, where it caused a reduction in tumor volume and weight. The study revealed the beneficial influence of betulinic acid inclusion into the cyclodextrin in terms of antiproliferative activity and in vivo tumor development.  相似文献   
8.
目的:探讨北五味子总木脂素(Schisandra Chinensis lignans,SCL)对高脂饮食诱导的高脂血症小鼠血脂调节的影响。方法:雄性C57BL/6小鼠60只,随机抽取30只设为正常对照组(CON)和正常+SCL组(CON+SCL 100 mg/kg),每组15只,以普通饲料喂养。其余30只小鼠以高脂饲料喂养4周,确定高脂血症小鼠模型建立成功后,将小鼠随机分为模型组和SCL治疗组(模型+SCL 100 mg/kg),全部小鼠连续灌胃给药12周后检测血清中总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)含量并计算动脉粥样硬化指数(atherosclerosis index,AI),检测小鼠脂/体比,检测肝组织中TC和TG含量。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠血清中TC、TG、LDL-C、AI及脂/体比均显著增高(P0.01),HDL-C含量降低,肝组织中TG和TC含量升高,与模型组比较,SCL显著降低了小鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-C、AI及脂/体比(P0.01或P0.05),升高了HDL-C含量,并降低了肝组织中TC和TG含量(P0.01)。结论:SCL可以减轻高脂血症小鼠脂肪含量,对小鼠高脂血症具有一定的治疗作用。  相似文献   
9.
电子海图显示与信息系统(Electronic Chart Display and Information System,简称ECDIS)是以数字形式储存的海图并与多种传感设备、图形显示终端等高度融合的船舶航行综合信息处理系统,而S-57是电子海图国际通用的数据格式。在Linux/Fedora系统下,针对于S-57格式,研究其数据结构模型,从最基本的点、线、面出发,读取海图数据并根据时间和天气数据实现S-57海图数据自动多模式显示,并提出了一种根据物标重要性进行分层显示的方法。  相似文献   
10.
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