Flutter reliability analysis of suspension bridges

A reliability analysis method is proposed in this paper through a combination of the advantages of the response surface method (RSM), finite element method (FEM), first-order reliability method (FORM) and the importance sampling updating method. The method is especially applicable for the reliability evaluation of complex structures of which the limit state surfaces are not known explicitly. After the accuracy and efficiency of the method are demonstrated through numerical examples, the method is used to estimate the flutter reliability of a suspension bridge. The uncertainties such as material properties, geometric parameters, structural damping ratio, flutter derivatives and extreme wind velocity at the bridge site are considered. The example suspension bridge is the Jiang Yin Bridge with a main span length of 1385 m built in China. The results show that the proposed method based on an empirical formula in which the limit state function is explicitly represented as a function of variables overestimates the flutter reliability of suspension bridges. The actual flutter reliability should be more accurately analyzed using the proposed method based on the deterministic finite element method in which the limit state function is implicitly represented as a function of variables. Finally, the most influential random variables on flutter reliability of suspension bridges are identified by using a sensitivity analysis.     

基于广义多项式混沌法的电力系统随机潮流

近年来,随着风、光电源的大量接入,系统运行的不确定性增大,考虑了系统运行随机因素的随机潮流受到更广泛的关注。提出了一种基于广义多项式混沌法的电力系统随机潮流计算方法。该方法利用广义多项式混沌法的正交多项式逼近思想,将系统的随机性分离至正交多项式基,并利用直角坐标潮流方程的二次性避免非线性潮流方程展开的高阶截断误差,进而利用随机Galerkin法,将随机潮流方程转换为一组确定性方程,通过此方程的求解获得随机潮流状态变量的正交多项式逼近系数,由此系数可获得相关变量的期望和方差,并可结合蒙特卡洛仿真,获得变量的概率密度。IEEE 9节点系统的算例表明,该方法的计算误差大致随多项式逼近阶数的上升而指数下降,通常条件下三阶逼近即可获得较高的精度,具有比蒙特卡洛仿真法更高的计算效率。     

改性硅酸钙用于养殖废水厌氧处理过程中除磷研究

为了实现在养殖废水厌氧处理的过程中同时除磷,自行制备改性硅酸钙(MCS),并对其物相和微观进行了表征;随后将其投加到正在运行的厌氧反应装置中,以考察其对养殖废水厌氧处理过程中除磷效果的影响。结果表明:制备的MCS纯度高、粒径小,为半结晶低有序度的水合硅酸钙单相,磷吸附量高达111.04 mg/g。重要的是,MCS的投入不仅未对UASB反应的运行和处理效果产生不良影响,而且可以提高反应器中污泥的活性,并可大幅提高反应器中磷去除率到99.5%,而未投加MCS的对照组中磷去除率仅为50%。     

Selection of minimal tripping times for distance protection using fault trees with time dependencies

Correct coordination between protection relays is an essential requirement to maintain stability and integrity of electrical power systems. Time settings of protection relays have to be adapted to time characteristics of electrical power systems and time settings of other protections. In the paper, fault trees with time dependencies (FTTD) are used for selecting time delay settings of remote back-up distance protections. In FTTD, events and gates are characterized by time parameters, which are derived from time characteristics of protection devices and the inherent delays of protection equipment. Two case studies are presented. First, the coordination of protections for the simple transmission line composed of two identical sections is studied. Next, the transmission line that contains two sections of different lengths and transformer between them is analyzed. In both cases, formulae for time delays of protections are derived. According to calculations executed for the first case, our method gives time delays that often are significantly smaller than values suggested by generally recommended and accepted rules.     

基于单片机的温度测控系统

本次设计的温度测控系统采用MCS-51系列单片机中的STC89C58作为微处理器,使用集成温度传感器AD-590采集温度信息,光电耦合双向晶闸管为驱动电路,可精确地采集环境温度信息,稳定性高,抗干扰性强。接受信息后处理器可快速地作出反应,导通驱动电路,实现温度调节。本文从硬件和软件两方面介绍了MCS-51单片机温度控制系统的设计思路,对硬件原理图和程序框图作了简捷的描述。     

出租车智能计价器优化设计与研究

随着城市发展进程的加快,出租车在城市交通中扮演着非常重要的角色,而目前出租车计价器存在不少缺陷,为此需对计价系统进行优化设计。以MCS51单片机为控制核心,通过记录安装在车轮上集成霍尔传感器发出的脉冲个数,实现正常的里程计费,设计的出租车智能计价器性能更优。文中提出了出租车智能计价系统总体设计方案,重点介绍了硬件系统和软件系统设计过程,最后还对系统进行了仿真实验。结果表明:系统功能良好,能实现智能计价功能。     

从INMR全球会议看避雷器的发展趋势

结合2011年INMR全球会议的相关论文对避雷器的现状和研究进展进行了综述.介绍了线路避雷器的技术进展、避雷器的监测、避雷器的应用开发与IEC60099-4和IEC60099-5两个标准的修订情况.新发布的IEC60099-8明确了外串间隙线路避雷器(EGLA)的试验项目和试验方法,促进了其应用.避雷器将用在绿色能源发...     

空间资源注册框架研究*

针对空间信息资源的特点,列举了OGC注册模型语义化问题、OGC注册模型语义匹配问题、OGC注册模型与网格MCS数据模型转换问题等。在此基础上,将上述研究结合起来,提出了一种空间资源注册框架,并给出了主要模块和注册实现过程。     

Probabilistic assessments in relationship with safety integrity levels by using Fault Trees

In this article, we study the assessment of safety integrity levels of safety-instrumented system by means of Fault Trees. We focus on functions with a low demand rate. For these functions, the appropriate measure of performance is the so-called probability of failure on demand (PFD) or probability of not functioning on demand. In order to calculate accurately the average PFD as per IEC 61508 standard, we introduce distributions for periodically tested components into Fault Tree models. We point out the specific problems raised by the assessment of safety integrity levels (SILs), which restrict the use of the formulae proposed in the standard. Among these problems there is the fact that SIL should be assessed by considering the time-dependent behavior of the system unavailability in addition to its average value. We check, on a simple pressure protection system, the results obtained by means of the Fault Tree approach against those obtained by means of stochastic Petri nets with predicates.     

Reliability analysis of solar photovoltaic system using hourly mean solar radiation data

This paper presents the hourly mean solar radiation and standard deviation as inputs to simulate the solar radiation over a year. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique is applied and MATLAB program is developed for reliability analysis of small isolated power system using solar photovoltaic (SPV). This paper is distributed in two parts. Firstly various solar radiation prediction methods along with hourly mean solar radiation (HMSR) method are compared. The comparison is carried on the basis of predicted electrical power generation with actual power generated by SPV system. Estimation of solar photovoltaic power using HMSR method is close to the actual power generated by SPV system. The deviation in monsoon months is due to the cloud cover. In later part of the paper various reliability indices are obtained by HMSR method using MCS technique. Load model used is IEEE-RTS. Reliability indices, additional load hours (ALH) and additional power (AP) reduces exponentially with increase in load indicates that a SPV source will offset maximum fuel when all of its generated energy is utilized. Fuel saving calculation is also investigated. Case studies are presented for Sagardeep Island in West Bengal state of India.