蒸汽爆破技术对苹果果胶乳化特性的影响

明确蒸汽爆破处理对苹果果胶乳化性的影响。对苹果果胶进行蒸汽爆破处理,研究汽爆压力和汽爆时间对果胶乳化活性和乳化稳定性的影响,并比较汽爆前后果胶粒径和果胶表观黏度,通过显微镜观察乳化液的微观结构。结果表明,果胶乳化活性和乳化稳定性随着爆破压力和爆破时间的增加而增加,与未汽爆处理的果胶相比,在0.6 MPa/120 s处理条件下,果胶乳化活性由21.05 m2/g增加至43.61 m2/g;乳化稳定性由89.60 min增加到125.92 min;乳化液平均粒径由143.1 μm减少为100 μm;乳化液表观黏度显著上升,显微观察显示汽爆后的苹果果胶乳化液滴更加均匀细密。蒸汽爆破处理苹果果胶提高了乳化性,使果胶乳化性整体改善。     

基于聚类分析的浓缩苹果汁风味品质分析与评价

通过对浓缩苹果汁主要风味物质进行分析,建立其风味品质的客观评价方法,为生产者合理调整工艺提供参考。分别选取风味较好和风味较差的浓缩苹果汁样品,对其挥发性风味物质、有机酸、氨基酸、糖类等主要风味物质进行分析,采用主成分分析、因子分析综合打分、聚类分析等方法筛选出能够有效区分不同风味品质浓缩苹果汁样品的主要风味化合物。选取12批次浓缩苹果汁样品,检测样品中39种主要挥发性风味物质、14种主要氨基酸、6种主要有机酸以及4种主要的糖类等风味物质。根据因子分析综合打分结果,从29种组合中,筛选出能够区分浓缩苹果汁风味的5种主要风味物质,分别为天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、蛋氨酸、果糖和葡萄糖。利用不同年份的8个批次浓缩苹果汁样品对该结果进行了验证,结果表明,这5种风味物质能够有效区分A、B两类浓缩苹果汁。利用筛选出的5种主要风味物质,能够对浓缩苹果汁风味品质进行客观、准确的判别。     

Measurement of vertical and horizontal vibrations of a probe for acoustic evaluation of food texture

Two‐dimensional (vertical and horizontal) vibrations of a wedge‐type probe upon food rupture were evaluated separately using two accelerometers placed perpendicular to a guide rod of a swing‐arm device for texture evaluation of the flesh of three varieties of apples and three types of potato chips. Voltage signals from the accelerometers were filtered using a half‐octave band‐pass filter. The energy texture index (ETI), based on kinetic energy of the vertical or horizontal probe vibrations, was calculated over low to high frequency bands (no. 1–21). The spectra for the flesh of the three varieties of apples included two common peaks for vertical ETI at band no. 11 (1,120–1,600 Hz) and 19 (17,920–25,600 Hz) and horizontal ETI at band no. 1 (0–10 Hz) and 15 (4,480–6,400 Hz). The spectra for the three types of potato chips had a common ETI peak at band no. 11 (1,120–1,600 Hz) for horizontal ETI and at no. 15 (4,480–6,400 Hz) for vertical ETI. The three apple varieties gave rise to different intensities of vertical and horizontal ETIs while the two peaks were maintained. The thick potato chip type had higher vertical and horizontal ETIs than the thin and soft varieties in most bands; however, the thin type had the highest vertical ETIs only in lower bands (0–200 Hz). The soft type had the lowest vertical and horizontal ETI. The above results suggest that different food textures can be distinguished by two‐dimensional vibration analyses of probe insertion into a food sample based on frequency bands.     

Feasibility of non-destructive evaluation for apple crispness based on portable acoustic signal

In this paper, apple crispness was evaluated by sensory evaluation and compared with non-destructive measurements of portable acoustic signal to discuss the feasibility of non-destructive evaluation for apple crispness based on portable acoustic signal. Acoustic eigenvalues from the acoustic signal were processed by time domain and Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), followed by analysing the correlations with apple crispness that had been evaluated via sensory evaluation. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) were applied to predict apple crispness. The results proved that crispness correlates significantly (P < 0.01) with four acoustic eigenvalues, including waveform index, sound intensity, energy of low frequency and energy of high frequency. The average relative error of apple crispness predicted by ANN was 1.42 ± 1.9%, remarkably lower (P < 0.01) that of MLR (6.79 ± 5.64%), implying that the model predicted by ANN is more accurate than that of MLR.     

Fox Hunting in Wild Apples: Searching for Novel Genes in Malus Sieversii

Malus sieversii is considered the progenitor of modern apple (Malus pumila) cultivars and to represent a valuable source of genetic diversity. Despite the importance of M. sieversii as a source of disease resistance, stress tolerance, and novel fruit traits, little is known about gene function and diversity in M. sieversii. Notably, a publicly annotated genome sequence for this species is not available. In the current study, the FOX (Full-length cDNA OvereXpressing) gene hunting system was used to construct a library of transgenic lines of Arabidopsis in which each transgenic line overexpresses a full-length gene obtained from a cDNA library of the PI619283 accession of M. sieversii. The cDNA library was constructed from mRNA obtained from bark tissues collected in late fall–early winter, a time at which many abiotic stress-adaptative genes are expressed. Over 4000 apple FOX Arabidopsis lines have been established from the pool of transgenic seeds and cDNA inserts corresponding to various Gene Ontology (GO) categories have been identified. A total of 160 inserts appear to be novel, with no or limited homology to M. pumila, Arabidopsis, or poplar. Over 1300 lines have also been screened for freezing resistance. The constructed library of transgenic lines provides a valuable genetic resource for exploring gene function and diversity in Malus sieversii. Notably, no such library of t-DNA lines currently exists for any Malus species.     

苹果酒品质检测中电子鼻和电子舌检测参数的优化

以不同产地相同品种的苹果（陕西长富二号、甘肃长富二号、山东长富二号）为原料酿造苹果酒，采用电子鼻和电子舌技术对3种不同苹果酒的挥发性气味和滋味成分进行检测和分析。从样品稀释倍数、顶空进样体积、顶空生成时间和载气流速4个实验参数研究检测条件对电子鼻传感器响应信号的影响，选取传感器信号峰值和稳定值，通过单因素方差分析和主成分分析（PCA），获得电子鼻的最佳检测参数为：样品稀释30倍、顶空进样体积5 mL、顶空生成时间5.0 min、载气流速300 mL/min。从样品稀释倍数研究检测条件对电子舌传感器响应信号的影响，通过主成分分析，获得电子舌的最佳检测参数为样品稀释30倍。应用优化后的参数采用电子鼻和电子舌对3种不同苹果酒的检测，区分效果较好，能够从挥发性气味、滋味等实现苹果酒的检测和鉴别。     

苹果汁中重金属检测方法研究进展

我国是苹果生产大国,其生产和消费规模均占全球50%以上。苹果汁作为苹果加工的主要形式,其营养丰富,味道鲜美。然而由于原料、技术与管理等问题,致使苹果汁经常出现褐变、农药残留、棒曲霉素、耐热菌超标、重金属污染等问题。随着人们对果汁安全性要求的不断提高,重金属超标问题越来越引起人们重视,故对重金属检测技术的开发成为重要的研究方向。针对苹果汁中重金属污染问题,本文综述了近年来重金属离子的检测方法,并对重金属检测技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

橄榄假丝酵母控制苹果果实青霉病的效果及机制

通过橄榄假丝酵母与扩展青霉同孔和异孔接种实验、平板对峙实验以及酵母挥发性物质抑菌实验,结合苹果组织伤口处酵母生长情况及伤口周围组织抗病相关酶活力的变化,阐明橄榄假丝酵母对苹果采后青霉的控制效果及其可能存在的抑菌机理。结果表明:橄榄假丝酵母处理果实的发病率和病斑直径显著低于对照组(无菌水处理)果实(P0.05);橄榄假丝酵母不能产生抑菌的次生代谢产物,其挥发性物质对青霉菌的生长无显著抑制作用(P0.05);橄榄假丝酵母具有较强的繁殖生长和定殖能力,能在苹果果皮定殖、扩增,从而抑制果实接种发病率和病斑直径的增加;同时,橄榄假丝酵母还能显著诱导果实过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活力增加(P0.05)。综上所述,橄榄假丝酵母抑制苹果扩展青霉发病的机制包括诱导果实抗病性以及与病原菌的营养和空间竞争。