Bimetallic platinum–ruthenium nanoparticles immobilized on reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 (RGO-TiO2) support for ethanol electro oxidation in acidic media

The present work addresses the potentialities of Pt–Ru nanoparticles deposited on a graphene oxide (RGO) and TiO₂ composite support towards electrochemical oxidation of ethanol in acidic media relevant for fuel cell applications. To immobilize platinum–ruthenium bimetallic nanoparticles on to an RGO-TiO₂ nanohybrid support a simple solution-phase chemical reduction method is utilized. An examination using electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) indicated that Pt–Ru particles of 4–8 nm in diameter are dispersed on RGO-TiO₂ composite support. The corresponding Pt–Ru/RGO-TiO₂ nanocomposite electrocatalyst was studied for the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol in acidic media. Compared to the commercial Pt–Ru/C and Pt/C catalysts, Pt–Ru/RGO-TiO₂ nanocomposite yields higher mass-specific activity of about 1.4 and 3.2 times, respectively towards ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR). The synergistic boosting provided by RGO-TiO₂ composite support and Pt–Ru ensemble together contributed to the observed higher EOR activity and stability to Pt–Ru/RGO-TiO₂ nanocomposite compared with other in-house synthesized Pt–Ru/RGO, Pt/RGO and commercial Pt–Ru/C and Pt/C electrocatalysts. Further optimization of RGO-TiO₂ composite support provides opportunity to deposit many other types of metallic nanoparticles onto it for fuel cell electrocatalysis applications.     

Electrosynthesis of eco-friendly electrocatalyst based nickel-copper bimetallic nanoparticles supported on poly-phenylenediamine with highest current density and early ethanol oxidation onset potential

Bimetallic catalysts have been investigated as the most efficient materials to accelerate the chemical transformations at the anode in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells. A comparative study is presented here to synthesize Ni–Cu bimetallic nanoparticles for the ethanol oxidation reaction on three conducting polymers: poly-ortho-phenylenediamine, poly-meta-phenylenediamine, and poly-para-phenylenediamine. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were used to analyze the modified electrodes. A series of bimetallic Ni–Cu nanoparticles with tunable ratios were successfully synthesized by simply changing the concentrations of Nickel and Copper. It has been confirmed that the best Ni/Cu molar ratio was 25% in the aspect of catalytic performance. The electrocatalyst exhibited an excellent catalytic activity with an anodic current of 70.5 mA cm^?2 at the lowest onset potential of 0.39 V with impressive stability. Ni₄Cu₁/PpPD should be considered as a good alternative to noble metal anode catalyst.     

乙醇催化转化到丁醇研究进展

乙醇的规模化生产和其在汽油中有限的添加量推动了乙醇的高值化利用。由于丁醇具有独特的物化性能，将乙醇一步催化转化为丁醇受到人们的普遍关注。本文主要综述了乙醇催化转化到丁醇的最新研究进展，阐述了不同均相催化剂、羟基磷灰石、氧化物和金属促进氧化物催化剂对乙醇转化率和丁醇选择性的影响，探讨了典型催化剂上乙醇催化转化到丁醇中的双分子机理和Guerbet机理，总结了乙醇催化转化到丁醇中存在的问题、机遇和挑战。提出未来乙醇催化转化的研究重点应该放在高乙醇转化率下丁醇的选择性控制上，即利用均相催化剂研究策略，借助近原位条件下反应机理研究的结果，设计合成新型催化剂体系，实现乙醇到丁醇的高效转化。     

甲苯+乙醇+1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐物系等压气液相平衡数据的测定及关联

在常压下测定了甲苯+乙醇+1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐([C_(10)MIM][OAc])三元物系的等压气液相平衡数据,使用Aspen软件中NRTL模型对三元气液相平衡数据进行关联,通过计算得到方程参数。实验结果表明,[C_(10)MIM][OAc]的加入对甲苯有显著的盐析效应,[C_(10)MIM][OAc]摩尔分数越大效果越明显,当[C_(10)MIM][OAc]摩尔分数达到0.15时甲苯-乙醇的共沸现象完全消失。由NRTL模型计算出[C_(10)MIM][OAc]打破甲苯-乙醇体系共沸的最小摩尔分数为0.139 7。[C_(10)MIM][OAc]可以用作分离甲苯-乙醇共沸体系的萃取剂。     

制浆造纸污水厌氧处理中硫酸盐的危害及其控制

结合污水厌氧处理的过程和原理,分析制浆造纸工业污水中的硫酸盐对厌氧处理的影响,并介绍了减轻硫酸盐影响、提高污水处理效果的办法和措施。     

Zn对Cu-Zn-Al催化乙酸甲酯加氢反应的影响

采用共沉淀法制备Cu-Zn-Al催化剂，采用XRD、N2等温吸附-脱附、SEM、H2-TPR、XPS和ICP-OES等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果发现，Zn的加入降低了Cu-Zn-Al催化剂颗粒的团聚程度，提高了活性中心Cu组分的分散度。并且Zn含量的改变可以影响Cu组分的价态分布，进而影响其催化性能。当n(Cu)/n(Zn)=2/3时，n(Cu+)/n(Cu0)为1.04，Cu-Zn-Al对乙酸甲酯(MA)加氢反应具有最优的催化性能。在反应温度为240 ℃、反应压力为3.0 MPa、n(H2)/n(MA)=20的最优条件下，Cu-Zn-Al催化乙酸甲酯反应中乙酸甲酯转化率为98.8%，甲醇和乙醇选择性分别为99.4%和98.7%。对Cu-Zn-Al催化剂进行300 h寿命测试，乙酸甲酯转化率一直稳定在98%以上，甲醇和乙醇选择性则分别保持在99%和98%左右。     

改性氧化钛对羟乙基乙二胺水溶液解吸CO2的强化

羟乙基乙二胺（AEE）水溶液的CO₂循环吸收量高（1.2molCO₂/molAEE），吸收速度快，稳定性好，但解吸速度慢、解吸量少（0.8mol CO₂/mol AEE）是限制该技术广泛应用的主要原因。本文通过向AEE水溶液中添加质量分数为0.05%～0.20%的改性氧化钛（TiO₂-MWCNT和TiO₂-OH）强化AEE的解吸能力。CO₂循环吸收（40℃）-解吸（120℃）实验结果表明改性氧化钛的添加比氧化钛强化CO₂解吸效果更好，强化顺序为TiO₂-MWCNT＞TiO₂-OH；其对应的最大解吸速率分别为0.093L/min（质量分数0.15%）和0.083L/min（质量分数0.20%），相对于AEE水溶液，分别提高了32.9%和18.6%；其对应的最大解吸量分别为0.92molCO₂/molAEE（质量分数0.15%）和0.88molCO₂/molAEE（质量分数0.20%），分别提高了12.2%和9.7%；其对应的CO₂循环吸收量分别是0.95molCO₂/molAEE（质量分数0.15%）和0.89molCO₂/molAEE（质量分数0.15%），分别提高了18.75%和11.25%；5次循环吸收解吸实验结果表明改性氧化钛强化CO₂解吸效果稳定，具有较强的化学稳定性。对反应后的改性氧化钛进行XRD、BET、FTIR和SEM表征，结果表明改性氧化钛具有较强的结构稳定性。TiO₂-MWCNT和TiO₂-OH在促进有机胺溶液解吸CO₂方面具有一定的工业应用潜力。     

Software for Simulation of Second‐Generation Ethanol Production by a Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process

Environmental impacts associated with the consumption of fossil fuels and the need to generate power through renewable resources demands the usage of alternative materials. The objective is the production of clean energy from materials like lignocellulosic biomass to produce second‐generation (2G) ethanol. A software in the Matlab program is elaborated to simulate the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process of lignocellulosic biomass for the 2G ethanol production in batch reactors. Studying the effects of the process variables, it was found that the higher interference is caused by cellulose concentration. Higher concentrations of the product in batch processes are obtained with the maximum cellulose concentrations, cells, and enzyme.     

Controllability Analysis of Process Alternatives for Biobutanol Purification

Biobutanol has characteristics similar to petroleum fuel and is considered as a superior biofuel compared to ethanol. The development of technologies for biobutanol production by fermentation has resulted in higher final biobutanol concentrations together with less energy‐intensive separation and purification techniques. These new technological developments have the potential to provide a production process for biobutanol that is economically viable in comparison to the petrochemical pathway for its production. The control properties of four different possible process designs for biobutanol purification are analyzed. The results, using the singular value decomposition technique, indicated that the scheme where only biobutanol flow is purified, and both ethanol and acetone leaving the purification process mixed with water and biobutanol traces, showed the best control properties.