Breeding schemes with optimum-contribution selection or truncation selection for beef cattle destined for use on dairy females

We tested the hypothesis that the size of a beef cattle population destined for use on dairy females is smaller under optimum-contribution selection (OCS) than under truncation selection (TRS) at the same genetic gain (ΔG) and the same rate of inbreeding (ΔF). We used stochastic simulation to estimate true ΔG realized at a 0.005 ΔF in breeding schemes with OCS or TRS. The schemes for the beef cattle population also differed in the number of purebred offspring per dam and the total number of purebred offspring per generation. Dams of the next generation were exclusively selected among the one-year-old heifers. All dams were donors for embryo transfer and produced a maximum of 5 or 10 offspring. The total number of purebred offspring per generation was: 400, 800, 1,600 or 4,000 calves, and it was used as a measure of population size. Rate of inbreeding was predicted and controlled using pedigree relationships. Each OCS (TRS) scheme was simulated for 10 discrete generations and replicated 100 (200) times. The OCS scheme and the TRS scheme with a maximum of 10 offspring per dam required approximately 783 and 1,257 purebred offspring per generation to realize a true ΔG of €14 and a ΔF of 0.005 per generation. Schemes with a maximum of 5 offspring per dam required more purebred offspring per generation to realize a similar true ΔG and a similar ΔF. Our results show that OCS and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer act on selection intensity through different mechanisms to achieve fewer selection candidates and fewer selected sires and dams than under TRS at the same ΔG and a fixed ΔF. Therefore, we advocate the use of a breeding scheme with OCS and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer for beef cattle destined for use on dairy females because it is favorable both from an economic perspective and a carbon footprint perspective.     

不同冻结温度下牛肉的肌原纤维蛋白变性与肌肉持水性

为明确冷冻温度对牛肉肌原纤维蛋白变性和肌肉持水性(water-holding capacity,WHC)的影响、探讨肌原纤维蛋白变性与WHC的相关性。以牛背最长肌作实验材料,探究-9、-18、-23、-38℃下冻结后肌原纤维蛋白理化特性和牛肉WHC。通过测定巯基含量、蛋白质溶解度、Ca2+-三磷酸腺苷酶(adenosine triphosphatase,ATPase)活力及蛋白质热稳定性考察牛肉冻结后肌原纤维蛋白变性情况,利用解冻汁液流失与加压失水率指标衡量牛肉WHC,采用低场核磁共振(low field-nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)波谱和磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术对比分析了肌肉水分分布情况,并于4℃解冻后测定了色差与剪切力。结果表明:-23℃与-38℃下冻结试样较-9℃与-18℃肌原纤维蛋白变性程度小:-23℃与-38℃下冻结试样蛋白质溶解度、Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力、巯基含量和总变性焓相比-9℃与-18℃实验组较高(P0.05)。-23℃与-38℃下冻结牛肉解冻后L~*值、b~*值、剪切力、解冻汁液流失和加压失水率显著低于-9℃与-18℃(P0.05)。LF-NMR及MRI结果相互佐证了肉样在-23℃与-38℃冻结下肌肉WHC高于-9℃与-18℃的实验结果。肌原纤维蛋白理化特性(蛋白质溶解度、Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力、巯基含量、总变性焓)与WHC(解冻汁液流失率、加压失水率)均呈极显著相关(P0.01),L~*、b~*值及剪切力亦与WHC存在极显著相关(P0.01)。相关性分析结果验证了牛肉冻结过程中肌原纤维蛋白变性对肌肉持水性存在显著影响,进而导致牛肉解冻后出现肉色劣变、嫩度下降及汁液流失。     

油煎工艺条件对香煎大麻哈鱼品质的影响

以黑龙江特色菜肴"香煎大麻哈鱼"为研究对象,主要探究不同油煎温度(145,150,155,160,165℃)和时间(6,7,8,9,10min)对香煎大麻哈鱼品质的影响。通过单因素试验分别对香煎鱼肉的剪切力、出品率、水分含量和感官质量进行测定,筛选出最佳的加热工艺。结果表明,香煎大麻哈鱼最佳的油煎条件为在油温155℃时油煎8min,此时鱼肉最嫩,出品率较高,水分含量最大,感官评价得分最高,表现为肉质多汁性、口感等感官品质最佳。     

当雄牦牛肉的营养和风味特性

以市售西门塔尔牛肉（下文简称“市售牛肉”）作为对照组，研究当雄牦牛肉的营养和风味特性。采用高效液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用、凯氏定氮等方法分别分析当雄牦牛肉和市售牛肉中蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸、挥发性风味物质、矿物质和维生素差异。结果表明：当雄牦牛肉中蛋白质含量（22.89 g/100 g）显著高于市售牛肉（P＜0.05），剪切力及蒸煮损失率显著低于市售牛肉（P＜0.05）；当雄牦牛肉中VB1、VE含量显著高于市售牛肉（P＜0.05），2 种牛肉中的VB2、VA含量无显著差异；当雄牦牛肉中总氨基酸、必需氨基酸、总脂肪酸及不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著高于市售牛肉（P＜0.05）；微量元素分析结果发现，当雄牦牛肉中锰、硒、镁、铁、钙元素的含量均显著高于市售牛肉（P＜0.05）；当雄牦牛肉及市售牛肉中分别检测出58、43 种挥发性风味物质，牦牛肉中醇类和酯类的种类及含量均高于市售牛肉，而市售牛肉中酚类、醛类、酮类及含氮化合物的含量均较高。因此，当雄牦牛肉具有较好的食用营养品质。     

模糊数学感官评价法优化茶树菇牛肉酱制作工艺

为探究茶树菇牛肉酱的最佳制作工艺,在豆瓣酱的基础上加入茶树菇、酱卤牛肉、橄榄油等原料制作茶树菇牛肉酱,选取色泽、口感、气味、形态为评价因素,通过模糊数学感官评价法评判茶树菇牛肉酱的品质。结果表明,以净重250 g为参照标准,在盐1.5%、糖3%、味精1%、料酒2.5%、葱3.5%、姜2%、蒜3.5%、香油2%、清水6%的基础上,当豆瓣酱添加量为35%,茶树菇添加量为12%,酱卤牛肉添加量为20%,橄榄油添加量为8%时,茶树菇牛肉酱模糊感官综合评分高达85.3,成品具有红润油亮、鲜辣咸香的特点,具备卤牛肉独特的鲜香风味。     

实时荧光定量PCR鉴定肉制品中牛源性成分及其含量

建立一种快速、准确鉴定牛肉制品中牛源性成分并且量化牛肉成分含量的方法。以牛线粒体细胞色素b基因为靶基因,设计出具有特异性引物。选择真核生物核糖体16SrDNA为内参基因,采用实时荧光相对定量法。牛肉质量百分比的对数值与之对应的循环阈值差值△Ct呈良好线性关系。标准曲线回归公式为y=-3.3645x+0.8737,R2=0.9926,扩增效率达98.25%。通过模拟混合样品对标准曲线进行质量评估,证明该方法适用于对牛肉成分的鉴定以及含量的检测,为量化肉制品中牛肉成分研究提供参考意见。     

Improvement of tenderness and water holding capacity of spiced beef by the application of ultrasound during cooking

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of power ultrasound‐assisted (0, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 W, frequency of 20 kHz) cooking (80, 100, 120 min) on spiced beef. The results showed that power ultrasound could significantly increase the salt content (P < 0.05). For water holding capacity, the ultrasonic treatment could significantly reduce the pressure loss and free water content while improving the immobilised water content (P < 0.05). And ultrasonic treatment improved hardness compared with control (P < 0.05). However, the effects on the springiness, the chewiness and the resilience of the spiced beef were not significant (P > 0.05). As for microstructure, the myofibrils of beef were ruptured by ultrasonic treatment along with the Z‐lines leading to the muscle swelling. The results indicated that the application of ultrasound during cooking could effectively promote the penetration of salt, improve the water holding capacity and ameliorate the tenderness of spiced beef.