Breeding schemes with optimum-contribution selection or truncation selection for beef cattle destined for use on dairy females

We tested the hypothesis that the size of a beef cattle population destined for use on dairy females is smaller under optimum-contribution selection (OCS) than under truncation selection (TRS) at the same genetic gain (ΔG) and the same rate of inbreeding (ΔF). We used stochastic simulation to estimate true ΔG realized at a 0.005 ΔF in breeding schemes with OCS or TRS. The schemes for the beef cattle population also differed in the number of purebred offspring per dam and the total number of purebred offspring per generation. Dams of the next generation were exclusively selected among the one-year-old heifers. All dams were donors for embryo transfer and produced a maximum of 5 or 10 offspring. The total number of purebred offspring per generation was: 400, 800, 1,600 or 4,000 calves, and it was used as a measure of population size. Rate of inbreeding was predicted and controlled using pedigree relationships. Each OCS (TRS) scheme was simulated for 10 discrete generations and replicated 100 (200) times. The OCS scheme and the TRS scheme with a maximum of 10 offspring per dam required approximately 783 and 1,257 purebred offspring per generation to realize a true ΔG of €14 and a ΔF of 0.005 per generation. Schemes with a maximum of 5 offspring per dam required more purebred offspring per generation to realize a similar true ΔG and a similar ΔF. Our results show that OCS and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer act on selection intensity through different mechanisms to achieve fewer selection candidates and fewer selected sires and dams than under TRS at the same ΔG and a fixed ΔF. Therefore, we advocate the use of a breeding scheme with OCS and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer for beef cattle destined for use on dairy females because it is favorable both from an economic perspective and a carbon footprint perspective.     

当雄牦牛肉的营养和风味特性

以市售西门塔尔牛肉（下文简称“市售牛肉”）作为对照组，研究当雄牦牛肉的营养和风味特性。采用高效液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用、凯氏定氮等方法分别分析当雄牦牛肉和市售牛肉中蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸、挥发性风味物质、矿物质和维生素差异。结果表明：当雄牦牛肉中蛋白质含量（22.89 g/100 g）显著高于市售牛肉（P＜0.05），剪切力及蒸煮损失率显著低于市售牛肉（P＜0.05）；当雄牦牛肉中VB1、VE含量显著高于市售牛肉（P＜0.05），2 种牛肉中的VB2、VA含量无显著差异；当雄牦牛肉中总氨基酸、必需氨基酸、总脂肪酸及不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著高于市售牛肉（P＜0.05）；微量元素分析结果发现，当雄牦牛肉中锰、硒、镁、铁、钙元素的含量均显著高于市售牛肉（P＜0.05）；当雄牦牛肉及市售牛肉中分别检测出58、43 种挥发性风味物质，牦牛肉中醇类和酯类的种类及含量均高于市售牛肉，而市售牛肉中酚类、醛类、酮类及含氮化合物的含量均较高。因此，当雄牦牛肉具有较好的食用营养品质。     

模糊数学感官评价法优化茶树菇牛肉酱制作工艺

为探究茶树菇牛肉酱的最佳制作工艺,在豆瓣酱的基础上加入茶树菇、酱卤牛肉、橄榄油等原料制作茶树菇牛肉酱,选取色泽、口感、气味、形态为评价因素,通过模糊数学感官评价法评判茶树菇牛肉酱的品质。结果表明,以净重250 g为参照标准,在盐1.5%、糖3%、味精1%、料酒2.5%、葱3.5%、姜2%、蒜3.5%、香油2%、清水6%的基础上,当豆瓣酱添加量为35%,茶树菇添加量为12%,酱卤牛肉添加量为20%,橄榄油添加量为8%时,茶树菇牛肉酱模糊感官综合评分高达85.3,成品具有红润油亮、鲜辣咸香的特点,具备卤牛肉独特的鲜香风味。     

实时荧光定量PCR鉴定肉制品中牛源性成分及其含量

建立一种快速、准确鉴定牛肉制品中牛源性成分并且量化牛肉成分含量的方法。以牛线粒体细胞色素b基因为靶基因,设计出具有特异性引物。选择真核生物核糖体16SrDNA为内参基因,采用实时荧光相对定量法。牛肉质量百分比的对数值与之对应的循环阈值差值△Ct呈良好线性关系。标准曲线回归公式为y=-3.3645x+0.8737,R2=0.9926,扩增效率达98.25%。通过模拟混合样品对标准曲线进行质量评估,证明该方法适用于对牛肉成分的鉴定以及含量的检测,为量化肉制品中牛肉成分研究提供参考意见。     

Improvement of tenderness and water holding capacity of spiced beef by the application of ultrasound during cooking

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of power ultrasound‐assisted (0, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 W, frequency of 20 kHz) cooking (80, 100, 120 min) on spiced beef. The results showed that power ultrasound could significantly increase the salt content (P < 0.05). For water holding capacity, the ultrasonic treatment could significantly reduce the pressure loss and free water content while improving the immobilised water content (P < 0.05). And ultrasonic treatment improved hardness compared with control (P < 0.05). However, the effects on the springiness, the chewiness and the resilience of the spiced beef were not significant (P > 0.05). As for microstructure, the myofibrils of beef were ruptured by ultrasonic treatment along with the Z‐lines leading to the muscle swelling. The results indicated that the application of ultrasound during cooking could effectively promote the penetration of salt, improve the water holding capacity and ameliorate the tenderness of spiced beef.     

Evaluation of antibacterial protein with antioxidant activity from Rahnella aquatilis L103 and its effect on beef during refrigerated storage

A strain, Rahnella aquatilis L103, which was isolated from the soil around the roots of mushrooms, produced antibacterial protein though fermentation. This protein has broad antibacterial spectrum towards gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The protein has a significant antioxidant capacity on scavenging ABTS^+· (82.5%, 120 μg mL⁻¹), DPPH^· (64.1%, 600 μg mL⁻¹) and OH^· (60.1%, 750 μg mL⁻¹) as well. The protein was considered to be safe within concentration of 150 μg mL⁻¹ as shown by MTT results and was applied to beef refrigerated preservation. The treatment group presented lower total viable counts (TVC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), meanwhile, higher sensory score and longer shelf life (2 days) compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The results indicated that the protein under safe concentration was beneficial to beef preservation.     

精准冰温对鲜牛肉贮藏品质的影响

在-2.5℃的冰温和0℃、4℃三种温度条件下贮藏排酸后的鲜牛肉,定期测定牛肉出汁率、TPA指标、色泽、p H、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、微生物菌落总数等品质指标,为鲜牛肉的精准冰温保鲜提供参考。结果表明:冰温库库温稳定,在4℃、0℃和-2.5℃条件下贮藏的牛肉,有效保鲜期分别为8 d、15 d和24 d。在-2.5℃条件下贮藏24 d时,鲜牛肉p H值为5.59,TVBN含量为15.39 mg/100 g,微生物菌落总数为2.2×106CFU/g,色泽鲜红,无腐败异味出现。与4℃和0℃相比,-2.5℃冰温能够有效保持牛肉的颜色,减少出汁率,减缓p H值和TVB-N含量增大,抑制微生物的生长繁殖,有效延长生鲜牛肉的贮藏保鲜时间。