Natural Pigments Extraction from Basella rubra L. Fruits by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Combined with Box-Behnken Response Surface Design

In this study, natural pigments from Basella rubra L. were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique using three levels, four factors (extraction temperature, ultrasonic power, extraction time and solid-liquid (SL) ratio) Box-Behnken response surface design. The optimal condition was found to be: extraction temperature of 54°C, ultrasonic power of 94 W, extraction time of 32 min and SL ratio of 1:17 g/mL respectively. Under this optimal condition, the experimental yield of (betacyanin of 1.42 ± 0.001 and betaxanthin of 5.35 ± 0.13 mg/g) pigments were well correlated with predicted values (betacyanin was 1.43 mg/g and betaxanthin was 5.37 mg/g).     

Natural pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains--characteristics, biosynthesis, processing, and stability

Pigments are present in all living matter and provide attractive colors and play basic roles in the development of organisms. Human beings, like most animals, come in contact with their surroundings through color, and things can or cannot be acceptable based on their color characteristics. This review presents the basic information about pigments focusing attention on the natural ones; it emphasizes the principal plant pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains. Special considerations are given to their salient characteristics; to their biosynthesis, taking into account the biochemical and molecular biology information generated in their elucidation; and to the processing and stability properties of these compounds as food colorants.     

红甜菜色素稳定性影响因素研究进展

红甜菜是一种营养价值较高的食用蔬菜,含有大量的红甜菜色素。红甜菜色素是一种水溶性、含氮的季胺型生物碱,核心结构为甜菜醛氨酸。红甜菜色素依据化学结构不同可分为两类:甜菜红素和甜菜黄素。红甜菜色素作为一种食用天然色素,已应用于多种食品,但由于稳定性较差,其在食品、营养保健品和化妆品等领域的潜在应用受到诸多限制。作者综述了红甜菜色素的组成及结构,详细阐述了pH值、光照、温度、氧气和降解酶对红甜菜色素质量分数和颜色的影响,同时阐明了甜菜红素受这些因素影响后在易降解位置发生脱糖基化、脱羧、脱氢、醛亚胺键水解和异构化等化学变化的途径及产物,为深入研究甜菜色素稳定性、扩大红甜菜及红甜菜色素的应用领域提供参考。