叶酸片联合阿托伐他汀治疗对H型高血压患者同型半胱氨酸及颈动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的:分析H型高血压患者应用叶酸片与阿托伐他汀联合治疗对血浆同型半胱氨酸及颈动脉粥样硬化的影响。方法:选取我院2016年1月至2018年10月收治的140例H型高血压患者为研究对象，按随机数字表法分为观察组（70例）和对照组（70例），对照组给予常规降压+阿托伐他汀钙片治疗，观察组给予常规降压+阿托伐他汀钙片+叶酸片治疗，疗程均为10周。比较2组治疗前后同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine，Hcy）、低密度脂蛋白（low-density lipoprotein，LDL）、肱踝脉搏波传导速度（brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity，BaPWV）、颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度（carotid intima-media thickness，IMT）、血压及心率水平变化，并观察不良反应发生情况。结果:观察组治疗后血浆Hcy及LDL水平明显低于对照组（P<0.05）；两组治疗后BaPWV和IMT比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；治疗后，两组患者的收缩压和舒张压较治疗前均明显降低（P<0.05），且观察组治疗后的收缩压和舒张压明显低于对照组（P<0.05），但两组治疗后心率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；两组不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。 结论:对于H型高血压应用阿托伐他汀联合叶酸片治疗可有效减轻患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度，降低Hcy及LDL水平，且临床较为安全。     

Color evolution during a coating process of pharmaceutical tablet cores by random spraying

Placebo white tablet cores (lactose anhydrous [47.6%], corn starch [23.8%], microcrystalline cellulose [19.1%], polyvinylpyrrolidone [7.9%], magnesium stearate [0.8%], and talcum powder [0.8%]) were coated with a colorant (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose [8% w/v], titanium dioxide [0.2% w/v], FD&C yellow No. 6 with aluminum lacquer [0.8% w/v], polyethylene glycol 4000 [0.4% w/v], and purified water [q.s.p. 100 mL]) using a random spraying method during 130 minutes. During the coating process, batches of 21 samples were extracted every 10 minutes and measured with a DigiEye imaging system. The initial cores showed very similar and uniform colors (Mean Color Difference from the Mean [MCDM] of 0.8 CIELAB units), but partially coated tablets showed lower uniformity (MCDM below 2.0 CIELAB units). There was a high color variability (MCDM about 4.0 CIELAB units) among tablets of the same batch in the period between 10 and 30 minutes, which decreased as the coating process progressed, until achieving a final acceptable value (MCDM below 2.0 CIELAB units). During the coating process, L^* decreased, C^*_ab strongly increased, and h _ab remained nearly constant (disregarding results at 0 and 10 minutes). CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color differences (mainly chroma differences) with respect to the initial color of the tablets were modeled as a function of time by exponential functions with three coefficients. The color change in the interval from 90 to 130 minutes (4.3 CIELAB units, or 2.6 CIEDE2000 units), may be considered negligible bearing in mind the color variability in the batches of 21 samples and typical values of visual color thresholds.     

NIR光谱法快速分析总黄酮醇苷和萜类内酯

采用NIR法和化学计量学方法构建了银杏叶片中的总黄酮醇苷和萜类内酯含量的定量分析模型。通过PLS建立数学模型,并对预测集样品进行预测。39份样品经交叉验证建立校正模型,RSMECV分别为0.104和0.063。R分别为0.978 8和0.961 9。用13份样品进行预测,R达0.919 9和0.931 8,RSMEP分别为0.107和0.105。该方法简便快速,结果准确,可应用于不同批次银杏叶片样品的进行快速检查或质量控制。     

HPLC法测定恩替卡韦片的溶出度

为建立HPLC法测定恩替卡韦片溶出度的方法。以0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(用1mol·L-1的氢氧化钠溶液调节pH值为6.8)1000mL为溶出介质,转速为50r/min,取样时间30min,采用桨法测定恩替卡韦片的溶出度。结果表明恩替卡韦在0.25~0.61μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(R=0.9996),平均回收率为100.1%,RSD=0.29%(n=9)。该方法操作简便,结果准确可靠,辅料对溶出度测定无影响,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

波生坦片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的:评价中国健康受试者单剂量口服波生坦片受试制剂和参比制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:采用随机、开放、双序列、双周期交叉设计,24例中国健康男性受试者,分别在空腹和餐后情况下,单剂量口服波生坦参比和受试制剂各125 mg。采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中的波生坦及其活性代谢物羟基波生坦的浓度,以WinNonlin软件按非房室模型计算药代动力学参数,进行生物等效性评价。结果:空腹试验,受试和参比制剂波生坦主要药代动力学参数：Cmax分别为(2.72±1.09)、(2.59±1.02) μg/mL,AUC0-t分别为(13.51±4.55)、(12.61±4.25) μg·mL-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(14.04±4.46)、 (13.02±4.24) μg·mL-1·h,tmax分别为(3.75±0.81)、(3.98±0.76) h,t1/2分别为(2.70±0.88)、(2.77±0.91) h。餐后试验受试和参比制剂波生坦主要药代动力学参数：Cmax分别为(2.84±0.68)、(2.95±0.99) μg/mL, AUC0-t分别为(14.66±4.27)、(15.34±6.09) μg·mL-1·h, AUC0-∞分别为(15.04±4.41)、(15.68±6.19) μg·mL-1·h,tmax分别为(3.98±1.05)、(3.98±1.21) h,t1/2分别为(2.55±0.65)、(2.71±0.63) h。空腹和餐后试验,两制剂波生坦的AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、Cmax经对数转换后行方差分析,两制剂在给药顺序、制剂间及周期间均无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。在α=0.05水平上行双单侧t检验,AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、Cmax的90%置信区间均在80%～125%的等效区间范围内。结论:波生坦片受试制剂与参比制剂在空腹和餐后条件下均具有生物等效性。     

Formulation studies for mirtazapine orally disintegrating tablets

Abstract

Objective: Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) recently have gained much attention to fulfill the needs for pediatric, geriatric, and psychiatric patients with dysphagia. Aim of this study was to develop new ODT formulations containing mirtazapine, an antidepressant drug molecule having bitter taste, by using simple and inexpensive preparation methods such as coacervation, direct compression and to compare their characteristics with those of reference product (Remereon SolTab).

Materials and methods: Coacervation method was chosen for taste masking of mirtazapine. In vitro characterization studies such as diameter and thickness, weight variation, tablet hardness, tablet friability and disintegration time were performed on tablet formulations. Wetting time and in vitro dissolution tests of developed ODTs also studied using 900?mL 0.1?N HCl medium, 900?mL pH 6.8 phosphate buffer or 900?mL pH 4.5 acetate buffer at 37?±?0.2?°C as dissolution medium.

Results: Ratio of Eudragit® E-100 was chosen as 6% (w/w) since the dissolution profile of A1 (6% Eudragit® E-100) was found closer to the reference product than A2 (4% Eudragit® E-100) and A3 (8% Eudragit® E-100). Group D, E and F formulations were presented better results in terms of disintegration time. Dissolution results indicated that Group E and F formulations showed optimum properties in all three dissolution media.

Discussion: Formulations D1, D4, D5, E3, E4, F1 and F5 found suitable as ODT formulations due to their favorable disintegration times and dissolution profiles.

Conclusion: Developed mirtazapine ODTs were found promising in terms of showing the similar characteristics to the original formulation.     

Non-invasive and rapid analysis for observation of internal structure of press-coated tablet using X-ray computed tomography

Background: Since the internal structure of a tablet can be measured without destruction of the sample by X‐ray computed tomography (CT), it could be applied to quality control of tablets during the manufacturing process. Aim: A novel, fast, noninvasive tablet observation method was developed to evaluate the internal structure of commercial press-coated tablets by using X-ray CT. Method: Thirty-two CT image slices of four kinds of commercial press-coated tablets (tablets A, B, C, and D) were measured 300 m interval between edges of the tablet by using an X-ray CT. The thinnest layer thickness of the tablets and distance between centers of gravity (DCG) of tables were calculated. Results: The order of the TLT of the tablets was tablet B > tablet C > tablet D > tablet A. The result indicated that the order of DCG was tablet A > tablet D > tablet C > tablet B. Noninvasive observation of the internal structure of commercial, press-coated tablets by X-ray CT has been demonstrated to be useful in quality control of production. Conclusion: The internal structure of press-coated tablets could be observed without pretreatment, without destruction, and very rapidly by X‐ray CT.     

In vitro release of ketoprofen from hydrophilic matrix tablets containing cellulose polymer mixtures

The effect of cellulose ether polymer mixtures, containing both hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC K15M or K100M), on ketoprofen (KTP) release from matrix tablets was investigated. In order to evaluate the compatibility between the matrix components, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) experiments were performed. The results evidence the absence of significant intermolecular interactions that could eventually lead to an incompatibility between the drug and the different excipients. Formulations containing mixtures of polymers with both low and high viscosity grades were prepared by a direct compression method, by varying the polymer/polymer (w/w) ratio while keeping the drug amount incorporated in the solid dispersion constant (200?mg). The hardness values of different matrices were found within the range 113.8 to 154.9 N. HPLC analysis showed a drug content recovery between 99.3 and 102.1%, indicating that no KTP degradation occurred during the preparation process. All formulations attained a high hydration degree after the first hour, which is essential to allow the gel layer formation prior to tablet dissolution. Independent-model dissolution parameters such as t_10% and t_50% dissolution times, dissolution efficiency (DE), mean dissolution time (MDT), and area under curve (AUC) were calculated for all formulations. Zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic models were employed to interpret the dissolution profiles: a predominantly Fickian diffusion release mechanism was obtained – with Korsmeyer–Peppas exponent values ranging from 0.216 to 0.555. The incorporation of HPC was thus found to play an essential role as a release modifier from HPMC containing tablets.     

Novel taste-masked orally disintegrating tablets for a highly soluble drug with an extremely bitter taste: design rationale and evaluation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the taste masking potential of novel solid dispersions (SDs) using Eudragit^® EPO as the excipient when incorporated into the orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) for delivering a highly soluble drug with an extremely bitter taste. The pyridostigmine bromides (PB) SDs (PBSDs) were prepared by solvent evaporation–deposition method. The physicochemical properties of PBSDs were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. The dissolution test showed that only about 8% of PB was released from PBSDs in the simulated salivary fluid in 30 s. Therefore, PBSDs were considered taste-masked and selected for formulation of PBODTs. A central composite design was employed for process optimization. Multiple linear regression analysis for process optimization revealed that the optimal PBODTs were obtained, when the microcrystalline cellulose and crospovidone were 17.16 and 5.55 (%, w/w), respectively, and the average in vivo disintegration time was 25 s. The bitterness threshold of PB was examined by a sensory test, and the threshold value was set as 3?mg in each tablet. Taste evaluation of PBODTs in 18 volunteers revealed considerable taste masking with bitterness below the threshold value. PBODTs also revealed rapid drug release (around 99%, 2?min) in the simulated gastric fluid. The mean PB plasma concentration–time profiles of PBODTs and that of the commercial tablets were comparable, with closely similar pattern. Bioequivalence assessment results demonstrated that PBODTs and the commercial tablets were bioequivalent. In conclusion, PBODTs are prepared successfully, with taste masking and rapid disintegration in the oral cavity.