High‐intensity sweeteners in espresso coffee: ideal and equivalent sweetness and time–intensity analysis

The efficient substitution of sucrose by a sweetener in beverages requires the application of some sensory techniques. First, one must determine the concentrations of the sweeteners under study, equivalent in sweetness to the ideal sucrose concentration. In addition, it is fundamental to determine which is most similar to sucrose. The objectives of this study were to determine the ideal sweetness for espresso coffee and the equivalent concentrations in sweetness of different sweeteners, as well as characterise the time–intensity profile of each sweetener in relation to sweetness. The sweeteners evaluated were sucralose, aspartame, neotame, a cyclamate/saccharin mixture (2:1) and stevia. The sucrose concentration considered ideal by consumers was 12.5% (w/v), and the equivalent concentrations of the sweeteners were 0.0159% for sucralose, 0.0549% for aspartame, 0.0016% for neotame, 0.0359% for the cyclamate/saccharin mixture and 0.0998% for stevia. The time–intensity analysis indicated that possibly the sweeteners neotame, aspartame and sucralose would be the best substitutes for sucrose.     

Simultaneous determination of mycotoxin in commercial coffee

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that usually contaminate food products. Coffee is a natural product susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. The present study evaluates the presence of nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 Toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, aflatoxin B₁, aflatoxin B₂, aflatoxin G₁, aflatoxin G₂, fumonisin B₁, fumonisin B₂, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, enniatin A, enniatin A₁, enniatin B, enniatin B₁, and beauvericin in coffee samples, using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results show that zearalenone was not present in any sample. In the positive samples the contents of fumonisins ranged from 58.62 to 537.45 μg/kg, emerging mycotoxins ranged from 0.10 to 3569.92 μg/kg, aflatoxins ranged from 0.25 to 13.12 μg/kg, and trichothecenes, excepting nivalenol, ranged from 5.70 to 325.68 μg/kg. Nivalenol presented the highest concentrations, from 0.40 to 25.86 mg/kg. Ochratoxin A ranged from 1.56 to 32.40 μg/kg, and five samples exceeded the maximum limit established by the European Commission.     

The impact of roasting on the ochratoxin A content of coffee

Roasting coffee led to a drop in the ochratoxin A (OTA) concentration, as measured by the reference method, especially for dark type roasts. The way the beverage was prepared also affected the OTA content, which could paradoxically be higher than that of the initial roasted coffee. Assays on the thermal stability of pure OTA showed that it ought to be found in larger quantities in roasted coffee. This suggested that OTA was masked by reactions with the substrate during roasting. The absence of OTA in green coffee is therefore the best guarantee of safety.     

高效液相色谱法测定止痛养胃软胶囊中延胡索乙素的含量

测定止痛胃软胶囊中延索乙素的含量,可用高效液相色谱法。选用甲醇—磷酸缓冲溶液(40∶60)为流动相,测定波长280nm。结果:延胡索乙素浓度在0.02140～1.37mg/mL范围内,与峰面积线性关系良好,y=(8.390×106)x+7.505×103(r=0.9997)。结论:该法操作简便、快捷、特异性强,可用于控制止痛养胃软胶囊的质量。     

Photoinduced Polymerization in the Wall of Hollow Capsules

Summary: Novel light‐sensitive hollow capsules were fabricated from the small molecule 3‐sulfopropylacrylate potassium (SPA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). With UV irradiation, SPA could be photopolymerized in the wall of hollow capsules. After photopolymerization the capsule size and surfaces showed pronounced differences. The capsules became much more rigid as indicated by an increase in the modulus of more than a factor of 5.

CLSM image of SPA/PAH hollow capsule emission at 554 nm, from rhodamine B after photopolymerization.     

基于无线传感器网络的小粒种咖啡园滴灌自动控制系统

为实现小粒种咖啡种植园的精量灌溉,达到节水增收的目的,基于无线传感器网络（WSNs）设计了一种滴灌自动控制系统,主要由传感器节点、簇头、控制节点和汇聚节点组成.测试了节点间的有效通信距离为50m,并在此基础上,采用静态簇和节点定位布置的方法进行了灌区划分和节点部署,每个灌区为边长50m的正方形,内设1个簇头、1个控制节点和4个传感器节点.采用定时通信与时间同步技术、休眠技术相结合的方法实现节点数据的无线传输,融合土壤含水率、光强和空气温湿度等信息,采用分区轮灌策略实现滴灌的自动控制.实验结果表明：系统实现了预期设计目标,能应用于小粒咖啡园的精量灌溉管理.     

抗疟新药——蒿甲醚胶囊稳定性的研究

蒿甲醚为我国首创的一种抗疟特效药。用３种方法对蒿甲醚胶囊的稳定性进行了考察，结果表明本品室温避光条件下至少可保存２ａ。     

耐深海压力容器的密封

用胶粘剂对耐深海压力容器进行密封，对各种浇注型密封胶配合不同的结构形式进行了一系列的试验，结果表明：用聚硫改性的环氧树脂密封胶能获得较好的密封效果，可达到耐40MPa水压密封。     

CT辅助消化道胶囊内窥镜图像虚拟外翻

CT辅助消化道胶囊内窥镜图像方法的主要目的在于更为直观地提高胶囊内窥镜的小病灶检出率,减少胶囊内窥镜的重复检查次数,减少患者检查费用,提高医生的工作效率.现有的虚拟外翻技术主要有两种,一种是展平法,一种是镜像法.CT辅助消化道胶囊内窥镜虚拟外翻是以镜像法为指导思想对三维肠道模型进行外翻,实验结果证明了这一方法的有效性.三维图像的显示采用了经典的移动立方体的算法.验证完成后,算法通过TI DaVinciDSP异构双核处理器(DM6467)和接口进行加速实现.通过合理分配双核的任务,算法的运算效率得到了很大提高.     

基于自注意力胶囊网络的伪造人脸检测方法

当前以换脸为代表的伪造视频泛滥,给国家、社会和个人带来潜在威胁,有效检测该类视频对保护个人隐私和维护国家安全具有重要意义。为提高视频伪造人脸检测效果,基于可解释性好的胶囊网络,以Capsule-Forensics检测算法为基础,提出一种结合自注意力胶囊网络的伪造人脸检测方法。使用部分Xception网络作为特征提取部分,降低模型的参数量,在主体部分引入带注意力机制的胶囊结构,使模型聚焦人脸区域,将综合多维度的Focal Loss作为损失函数,提高模型对难分样例的检测效果。实验结果表明,与Capsule-Forensics算法相比,该方法能够减少模型参数量和计算量,在多种伪造类型数据集上均具有较高的准确率。