Sex pheromone biology and behavior of the cowpea weevilCallosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Female cowpea weevils,Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), emitted a pheromone which excited males. Pheromone release began soon after emergence and continued for one week. Synchronization of pheromone release with calling behavior was demonstrated. Mating reduced pheromone release but not male response. Pheromone obtained by aeration collection was utilized for determining a quantitative dose-response relationship.Mention of a commercial product does not constitute an endorsement by the USDA.Visiting scholar on leave from Shanghai Institute of Entomology, PRC.     

Genetic Diversity and Association Analysis for Carotenoid Content among Sprouts of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)

The development and promotion of biofortified foods plants are a sustainable strategy for supplying essential micronutrients for human health and nutrition. We set out to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with carotenoid content in cowpea sprouts. The contents of carotenoids, including lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene in sprouts of 125 accessions were quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography. Significant variation existed in the profiles of the different carotenoids. Lutein was the most abundant (58 ± 12.8 mg/100 g), followed by zeaxanthin (14.7 ± 3.1 mg/100 g) and β-carotene (13.2 ± 2.9 mg/100 g). A strong positive correlation was observed among the carotenoid compounds (r ≥ 0.87), indicating they can be improved concurrently. The accessions were distributed into three groups, following their carotenoid profiles, with accession C044 having the highest sprout carotenoid content in a single cluster. A total of 3120 genome-wide SNPs were tested for association analysis, which revealed that carotenoid biosynthesis in cowpea sprouts is a polygenic trait controlled by genes with additive and dominance effects. Seven loci were significantly associated with the variation in carotenoid content. The evidence of variation in carotenoid content and genomic regions controlling the trait creates an avenue for breeding cowpea varieties with enhanced sprouts carotenoid content.     

Cholesterol‐Lowering Properties of Whole Cowpea Seed and Its Protein Isolate in Hamsters

ABSTRACT: Hypercholesterolemic hamsters were fed for 4 wk on diets rich in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, differing only in protein source (20 %): casein (control group, HC), whole cowpea seed (HWS), and cowpea protein isolate (HPI). Hamsters fed on HWS and HPI presented significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol and non‐HDL cholesterol. HPI and HC presented similar protein digestibility, which were significantly higher than that of HWS. Animals fed on HWS presented significantly higher levels of bile acids and cholesterol in feces than did the animals fed on casein or HPI diets. Histological analyses of the liver showed that HC diet resulted in steatosis widely distributed throughout the hepatic lobule, while HWS and HPI diets promoted reductions in liver steatosis. The effectiveness of HWS for modulating lipid metabolism was greater than that of HPI, as measured by plasma cholesterol reduction and liver steatosis.     

Firmness of Cowpea Gels as a Function of Moisture and Oil Content, and Storage

Cowpea gels produced using cold-mixed cowpea flour slurry showed large firmness gradients; the gradients were small when the slurries were hot-mixed at 70°C and held for 30–60 min. Firmness of the gels decreased exponentially with fat and moisture contents, and linearly with salt content. Firmness increase during storage could be described by an apparent first-order rate equation; the apparent rate constants followed an Arrhenius-type relationship with an apparent activation energy of about 5 kcal/mol over the range 20–41°C.     

浅渍法发酵豇豆的工艺优化

以具有降解亚硝酸盐功能的植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）SD-7和具有优良抗氧化能力的植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）FM-LP-9为复合发酵剂（1∶1）,采用浅渍法发酵豇豆。以硬度和感官评分为考察指标,通过单因素试验及响应面试验研究复合发酵剂接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间对浅渍法发酵豇豆品质的影响。结果表明,最佳发酵工艺条件为发酵温度25 ℃,接种量5%,发酵时间125 h,在此优化条件下,得到的浅渍法发酵豇豆硬度为47.31 N,感官评分为90.98分,香气浓郁、口感脆嫩。     

小米豇豆营养挂面的研制

为丰富小米食品的种类,开拓小米消费的新途径,以小米粉为主要原料,通过添加谷朊粉、豇豆粉、食盐、食碱制作了小米豇豆营养挂面。以落杆率、蒸煮损失率、熟断条率、感官评价为考核指标,研究了谷朊粉、豇豆粉、食盐、食碱的添加量对面条品质的影响,通过单因素和正交实验,得到最佳的工艺配方:小米粉79%、谷朊粉14%、豇豆粉7%、食盐为混合粉质量的2%、食碱为混合粉质量的0.3%。所得挂面的落杆率为5.4%,熟断条率为2%,蒸煮损失率为8.6%,感官评分为90.4,综合得分为92.86。      

Cowpea cooking characteristics as affected by micronisation temperature: a study of the physicochemical and functional properties of starch

Bechuana white cowpeas were micronised to three temperatures (130, 153 and 170 °C). Cooking properties of the cowpea seeds and the role of starch‐related properties were studied. In all cases, micronisation significantly reduced the cooking time and thus the time required for the cowpea seeds to attain a suitably soft texture. This was attributed in part to the significant improvement in rate of water absorption during cooking and starch pre‐gelatinisation, as evidenced by loss of birefringence and increased susceptibility of the cowpea starch to α‐amylase digestion. However, micronisation to 170 °C resulted in a severe deterioration in pasting properties of the cowpea flour, possibly due to starch depolymerisation and/or amylose‐associated crosslinking. Owing to these changes, cowpea seeds micronised to 170 °C required a longer cooking time than the other two micronised samples. Flour prepared from cowpea seeds micronised to 170 °C may have limited starch functionality. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定豇豆中6种菊酯农药残留

建立QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱技术同时测定豇豆中6种菊酯农药(甲氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氟胺氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯)含量的快速检测方法。豇豆样品经乙腈提取,采样QuEChERS法进行净化,目标化合物经TG-5SILMS(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)色谱柱分离,采用三重串联四级杆选择反应监测模式(selected reaction monitoring,SRM)进行定性定量分析,外标法定量。结果表明,6种农药在0.001~0.5 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99;在3个添加浓度水平(0.01,0.05,0.10 mg/kg)下,平均回收率在89.6%~106.9%之间;5次重复的相对标准偏差在4.0%~11.9%;甲氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的定量限为0.003 mg/kg,氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氟胺氰菊酯的定量限为0.0015 mg/kg。该方法操作简便,结果准确,能满足豇豆中6种菊酯农药残留检测的要求。     

建始地区酸豇豆盐水细菌多样性及乳酸菌分离鉴定

该研究采用MiSeq高通量测序技术对酸豇豆盐水的细菌多样性进行了解析,并通过纯培养方式分离了其中的乳酸菌。结果发现,细菌以硬壁菌门（Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为主,平均相对含量分别为84.41%和10.52%;细菌属以乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、魏斯氏菌属（Weissella）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和片球菌属（Pediococcus）为主,平均相对含量分别为57.02%、9.33%、7.07%、4.73%和3.40%;发现44个操作分类单元（OTU）存在于所有样品中,所包括序列占总序列数的25.06%,其中有6个、11个和13个分别被鉴定为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、魏斯氏菌属（Weissella）和乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）,所含序列平均含量分别为4.61%、4.97%和14.46%;通过纯培养共分离出了13株乳酸菌,其中12株被鉴定为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）。由此可见,乳酸杆菌为建始地区酸豇豆盐水中的优势细菌,且乳酸杆菌主要为植物乳杆菌。     

Genetic and environmental variability in starch,fatty acids and mineral nutrients composition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)

Fifteen cowpea cultivars grown in three locations (Kano (12°00′N 8°31′E), Mokwa (9°17′N 5°04′E) and Ago-Iwoye (6°58′N 4°00′)) between 1993 and 1994 were analysed for genotype, environmental and genotype×environment variability for starch (g kg⁻¹), fatty acids (% of total oil) and mineral nutrients (g kg⁻¹) composition. There were significant environmental as well as genetic effects on these nutritional qualities. The environmental effect accounted largely for the variability observed in starch (60%), palmitic acid (80%), arachidic acid (100%), potassium (100%), phosphorus (81%) and manganese (86%), while the genotypic effect accounted largely for the variability observed in linoleic acid (50%), linolenic acid (50%) and copper (68%) contents. Correlation coefficient (pooled data) from the three locations indicated that starch was positively correlated to palmitic acid (r = 0·21, 0·01< P < 0·05), potassium (r = 0·80, P < 0·001) and phosphorus (r = 0·65, P < 0·001), but negatively correlated to oleic (r = −0·23, 0·01< P < 0·05), linoleic (r = −0·67, P < 0·001) and linolenic acid (r = −0·74, P < 0·001) contents. Starch showed a strong positive correlation with magnesium content (r = 0·75) and a strong negative correlation with copper (r = −0·73) and iron (r = −0·62) at the genetic level. This research established the degree of variability for these characters in cowpea. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.