Alterations in ruminal bacterial populations at induction and recovery from diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows

Ten ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used in a crossover design that investigated changes in ruminal bacterial populations in response to induction and recovery from diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD). Further, the effect on the ruminal microbiota of the cows with diet-induced milk fat depression inoculated with rumen contents from non-milk fat-depressed donor cows was evaluated. Milk fat depression was induced during the first 10 d of each period by feeding a low-fiber, high-starch, and high-polyunsaturated fatty acid diet (26.1% neutral detergent fiber, 28.1% starch, 5.8% total fatty acids, and 1.9% C18:2), resulting in a 30% decrease in milk fat yield. Induction was followed by a recovery phase, where all cows were switched to a high-fiber, low-starch, and low-polyunsaturated fatty acid diet (31.8% neutral detergent fiber, 23% starch, 4.2% total fatty acids, and 1.2% C18:2) and were allocated to (1) control (no inoculation) or (2) ruminal inoculation with donor cow digesta (8 kg/d for 6 d). Ruminal samples were collected at the end of induction (d 10) and during recovery (d 13, 16, and 28), separated to solid and liquid fractions, extracted for DNA, PCR- amplified for the V1-V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene, and analyzed for bacterial diversity. Results indicated that bacterial communities were different between fractions. In each fraction, differences were significant between the induction (d 10) and recovery (d 13, 16, and 28) periods; however, differences were less apparent with time during the recovery period. The MFD (d 10) was typified by a reduction in the relative sequence abundance of Bacteroidetes and an increase in the relative sequence abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria across both fractions. At the genus level, relative sequence abundance of unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Butyrivibrio, Bulleidia, and Coriobacteriaceae were higher on d 10 and were positively correlated with trans-10,cis-12 CLA and the trans-10 isomer, suggesting their potential role in altered biohydrogenation reactions. A switch to the recovery diet resulted in a sharp increase in the Bacteroidetes lineages and a decrease in Firmicutes members on d 13; however, this shift appears to stabilize by d 28, indicating the restoration process for ruminal bacteria from an altered state is gradual and complex. Inoculation of 10% of rumen contents from non-MFD donor cows to MFD cows revealed this procedure had transient effects on only a few bacterial populations, and such effects disappeared after d 16 following cessation of inoculation. It can be concluded that alterations in milk FA profiles at induction are preceded by microbial alterations in the rumen driven by dietary changes.     

济阳坳陷下古生界潜山油气藏特征及成藏模式

济阳坳陷下古生界潜山具有多样性、复杂性的特点，潜山差异性的形成演化、油气成藏主控因素和控藏模式不明确，严重制约了该区潜山油气勘探。在潜山分类的基础上，综合利用系统恢复、分类对比和典型解剖等方法，揭示了济阳坳陷下古生界不同类型潜山的形成演化过程和油气成藏主控因素差异性，分类建立了油气成藏模式。研究表明，济阳坳陷下古生界主要发育高位新盖侵蚀残丘潜山、中位古盖拉张断块潜山、中位新古盖拉张剪切断块潜山、中位中古盖挤压拉张断块潜山和低位古盖拉张滑脱断块潜山5种潜山类型。不同类型潜山的形成演化和油气成藏各具特色，其中，高位新盖侵蚀残丘潜山的发育受隆升、侵蚀作用控制，油气成藏主要受控于油源和盖层条件，表现为"单向供烃、砂体-不整合岩溶体联合输导、残丘控藏"的成藏模式；中位古盖拉张断块潜山的发育受掀斜、断裂作用控制，油气成藏主要受控于储集条件，表现为"单向供烃、顺向断层输导、反向断层控藏"的成藏模式；中位新古盖拉张剪切断块潜山的发育受反转、翘倾和走滑切割作用控制，油气成藏主要受控于输导条件，表现为"多源供烃、断溶体立体输导、断裂控藏"的成藏模式；中位中古盖挤压拉张断块潜山的形成受强烈挤压、拉张滑脱作用控制，油气成藏主要受控于储集条件，表现为"多源供烃、断缝体输导、断褶控藏"的成藏模式；低位古盖拉张滑脱断块潜山的形成受强烈拉张滑脱作用控制，油气成藏主要受控于输导条件，表现为"顶部供烃、断缝体输导、断裂控藏"的成藏模式。     

Specific smartphone uses and how they relate to anxiety and depression in university students: a cross-cultural perspective

ABSTRACT

People around the world spend hours of their daily lives using smartphones; therefore, it is important to conduct cross-cultural research on the effects of smartphone use on health and well-being as culture influences values, motivations and communication patterns. The purpose of this study was to explore 5 popular uses of the smartphone – messaging, browsing the Internet, posting social content, reading social content, and playing games – how they relate to anxiety and depression scores, and how they vary depending on the country of the participants: Spain, the United States, and Colombia. In all three countries the ranking of most popular uses was the same: (1) Messaging, (2) Reading social content, and (3) Browsing the Internet. In the USA, game playing contributed to anxiety scores whereas reading social content was a protective factor; regarding depression scores, text messaging was a contributing factor. In Spain, browsing the Internet contributed to anxiety scores; regarding depression scores, messaging was a contributing factor and posting social content was a protective factor. In Colombia, no specific use influenced anxiety scores; regarding depression scores, only game playing was a protective factor. Our results showed that in all the countries, problematic smartphone use contributed to anxiety scores.     

大柳塔煤矿五盘区5-2煤层DDF2断层特征

大柳塔煤矿五盘区5-2煤层在三维地震资料解释中发现存在一条影响较大、伸展较远的断层（DDF2断层）横切5-2煤层。综合研究表明，DDF2断层为走向为东南—西北方向（111°～291°）、倾向为西南方向（201°）的高角度正断层。该断层为坳陷盆地形成后控制部分煤层沉积:在D306钻孔和D307钻孔所在区域形成时间较早，形成于5-2煤层沉积之后，结束于4-3煤层形成之后，控制5-2煤与4-3煤之间的地层沉积，为同沉积断层；该断层在D304钻孔和D305钻孔所在区域形成时间较晚，形成于4-2煤层沉积之后，结束于3-1煤层形成之后，局部控制4-2煤层与3-1煤层之间沉积，为准同生沉积断层。DDF2断层形成于东南方向，逐渐向西北方向迁移、加剧到最后尖灭。     

Advance application of Raman spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of noncrystalline components in thin films of poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(butadiene) blends

A quantitative analysis method for the distribution of noncrystalline poly(butadiene) component in poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(butadiene) (PCL/PB) binary blends have been analyzed by advance application of Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Thin films of different compositions of PCL/PB binary blends were prepared from solution and isothermally crystallized at a certain temperature. After calibration with real data, quantitative analyses by Raman spectroscopy revealed the amorphous PB are trapped inside the PCL crystals. Polarized optical microscopy and real time atomic force microscopy were used to collect data for the crystal morphology and crystal growth rate. For pure PCL crystals, a morphology of truncated lozenge shape was observed, independent of crystallization temperature and regardless of the blends compositions. For the pure PCL and their blends, almost unique crystal growth rate was found. The miscibility behaviors using DSC were drawn through melting point depression method. The Hoffman-Weeks extrapolations of the blends were found to be linear and identical with those of the neat PCL. The interaction parameter for the blends indicating that the PCL and PB blends have no intermolecular interaction, confirming the blends are immiscible. Despite the immiscibility of the blend, the PCL crystals do not bend during the growth process and do not reduce the growth rate as they do for miscible blend systems.     

北京市超量开采地下水引起的地面沉降研究

20世纪 60年代以后 ,北京市地下水进入超采阶段 ,年均超采量达到 1× 1 0 8m3,迄今北京市平原区地下水资源累积亏损量达 5 7 0 4× 1 0 8m3,形成了面积达 1 90 0km2 的超采漏斗和东郊八里庄—大郊亭、东北郊来广营、昌平沙河—东三旗、顺义平各庄、大兴庞各庄—榆垡共 5个沉降区 ,总面积达到 1 80 0km2 。北京市地面沉降的范围、沉降幅度、沉降速率和地下水的超采有着明显的相关。地下水强超采区、地下水位降落漏斗的中心区与地面沉降区在时间和空间的分布上具有高度的一致性。因此可以说 :北京市地面沉降发生、发展的主要原因是由于超量开采地下水。     

固体聚合硫酸铁的制备及其特性研究

本叙述了用真空减压蒸发法制备固体聚合硫酸铁的新工艺，对产品成分、红外光谱、差热曲线以及其溶解性和稳定性等特性进行了测试研究。研究表明，固体聚合硫酸铁与液体产品一样也具有良好的混凝性能和脱水效果。     

东营凹陷和高邮凹陷古近系沉积特征对比研究

东营凹陷和高邮凹陷分属渤海湾盆地与苏北盆地，是中国东部中、新生代陆相断陷盆地中的典型凹陷，无论从构造角度、沉积特征还是从石油地质条件，都具有颇为重要的代表意义。因此，本文立足沉积学理论的基本观点，综合利用前人研究成果，以构造区带为单元，以构造与沉积演化为主线，以沉积相时空展布为内容。以沉积充填特征为核心，采用逐一对比的方法，总结出东营凹陷与高邮凹陷古近系构造格局与沉积格局“整体上类似、局部上差异”的根本性原因及其控制因素。     

三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷地层—岩性油气藏勘探实践与认识

通过回顾三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷侏罗系地层—岩性油气藏的勘探历程,系统总结了实践中的关键环节和获得的地质认识。在沉积体系精细研究的基础上,强化老井复查和油藏认识,发现马朗凹陷侏罗系大型地层-岩性油藏,并不断扩展勘探层系。高分辨率层序地层学等技术是勘探取得突破的根本保证,油层压裂改造技术可有效促进预探发现,超前注水增压、压裂投产技术实现有效开发。分析了该油气藏的形成条件和潜力。芦草沟组优质烃源岩控制其分布范围,勘探前景良好;北部地层抬升与南部物源砂体匹配形成岩性圈闭;晚燕山期—喜山期构造运动促成了油气的高效运聚。     

英落菱镁矿选矿试验研究

针对菱镁矿矿石中脉石杂质的赋存特点，采用常规反正浮流程，使用Ｎａ２ＣＯ３反浮矿浆调浆，六偏磷酸钠加水玻璃抑制白云石和硅酸盐脉石杂质，并结合浮选前脱泥的工艺，达到了镁钙硅有效分离的目的，较常规工艺提高了浮选精矿指标。