A Cumulative Effect of Food and Viruses to Trigger Celiac Disease (CD): A Commentary on the Recent Literature

Celiac disease (CD) is a type of inflammatory chronic disease caused by nutrients such as gliadin that induce a TC (T cell)-mediated response in a partially known genetical background in an environment predisposed to inflammation, including viruses and food. Various experimental and clinical observations suggest that multiple agents such as viruses and bacteria have some common, inflammatory pathways predisposing individuals to chronic inflammatory diseases including celiac disease (CD). More recently, a Western diet and lifestyle have been linked to tissue inflammation and increase in chronic inflammatory diseases. In CD, the gliadin protein itself has been shown to be able to induce inflammation. A cooperation between viruses and gliadin is present in vitro and in vivo with common mechanisms to induce inflammation. Nutrients could have also a protective effect on CD, and in fact the anti-inflammatory Mediterranean diet has a protective effect on the development of CD in children. The possible impact of these observations on clinical practice is discussed.     

基于漆酶改性的麦醇溶再生蛋白纤维的制备及性能研究

以小麦醇溶蛋白为原料,漆酶催化制备再生醇溶蛋白纤维并对其进行酶促改性。SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳结果表明漆酶促使醇溶蛋白之间发生了交联反应,生成了高分子量的聚合物。漆酶较适应的作用条件为:酶浓度0.2 U/mL,反应温度50℃,反应时间2h,在此反应条件下醇溶蛋白纤维的断裂强度从0.3129cN/dtex增加到0.4095 cN/dtex;伸长率从18.06%增加到38.95%。再生蛋白纤维的水解稳定性也显著提高。     

Transamidation Down-Regulates Intestinal Immunity of Recombinant α-Gliadin in HLA-DQ8 Transgenic Mice

Enzymatic transamidation of gliadins by microbial transglutaminase (mTG) inhibits interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion by intestinal T cell lines in patients with celiac disease (CD). To gain insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying the down-regulatory effects of transamidation, we tested a single recombinant α-gliadin (r-gliadin) harbouring two immunodominant peptides, p13 (aa. 120–139) and p23 (aa. 220–239), in HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice, a model of gluten sensitivity. Mice were intranasally immunised with r-gliadin or r-gliadin transamidated by mTG (K-r-gliadin) along with cholera toxin, and the response of mesenteric lymph node cells was analysed by cytokine multiplex assay. An in vitro challenge with r-gliadin was characterised by secretion of specific cytokines featuring both innate immunity and the Th1/Th2/Th17 pattern of the adaptive response. Notably, transamidation specifically down-regulated the Th1 response. Structural studies performed on K-r-gliadin confirmed that specific glutamine residues in p13 and p23, previously found to be deamidated by tissue transglutaminase, were also transamidated by mTG. In silico analysis, simulating p13 and p23 peptide binding to HLA-DQ8 showed that these glutamines, in the form of glutamate, could interact by means of salt bridges with peculiar amino acids of the alpha chain of HLA-DQ8, suggesting that their transamidation may influence the HLA-restricted recognition of these peptides. Thus, the structural findings provided a rationale to explain the down-regulation of the r-gliadin-specific Th1 response following transamidation.     

水溶性的抗菌小麦醇溶蛋白纳米粒子构建及性能研究

本研究围绕小麦醇溶蛋白(gliadin)自组装展开,以NaCas作为稳定剂利用水相反溶剂过程中gliadin与thymol共组装构建水溶性的抗菌gliadin/NaCas胶体粒子。利用纳米粒度仪、扫描电镜等技术手段表征纳米粒子的形貌、尺度,并研究了thymol的释放动力学及纳米粒子的持续抗菌性能。Gliadin/NaCas胶体粒子是纳米尺度的球形颗粒,尺度均一(PDI=0.31)。此类纳米粒子具有良好的水溶性及冻干复溶性,荷载疏水类抗菌剂(thymol)不影响胶体粒子的复溶性能。Gliadin/NaCas胶体粒子具有很强的荷载和控释能力,thymol与gliadin比例介于1:10~3:4时胶体粒子的尺度仅略有增加(从约270 nm增加至约300 nm),thymol的包封率高达96%;经过7 d释放,仅释放约30%的thymol。Gliadin/NaCas纳米粒子在模拟食品体系中具有持续抗菌能力。本研究为功能性抗菌食品配料的研制提供全新的技术解决手段。     

谷朊粉应用概述

本文对谷朊粉的研究历史，组成和应用进行了综述。较全面的概述了谷朊粉中麦醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白的结构和性质，介绍了谷朊粉在工业和非工业领域的应用，提出了谷朊粉研究的方向，同时展望了谷朊粉在工业领域的发展前景。     

小麦醇溶蛋白沸石分离工艺优化及其组分分析

目的：探究谷朊粉中醇溶蛋白的提取分离方法。方法：以醇溶蛋白凝沉率为评价指标,优化谷朊粉醇溶蛋白的静置凝沉工艺。进一步以优化后的静置凝沉工艺制备的醇溶蛋白为原料,研究碱液处理沸石分离醇溶蛋白组分工艺,重点考察碱液质量分数（20%,50%,80%）、加热时间（30,60,120 min）以及加热温度（30,50,70,90 ℃）对沸石分离醇溶蛋白组分的影响。结果：谷朊粉中醇溶蛋白提取率为24%,4,10,20,30 ℃下静置凝沉40 h后,醇溶蛋白凝沉率分别为16.6%,20.6%,24.0%,18.9%。显微图像表明,开始凝沉时醇溶蛋白中大小球状蛋白均出现（α-、β-、γ-醇溶蛋白）,凝沉10 h后,在4,10 ℃下出现虫状醇溶蛋白（ω-醇溶蛋白）,凝沉20 h后,虫状醇溶蛋白聚集体大量出现。沸石处理温度为50 ℃、KOH质量分数为20%、处理时间为120 min时醇溶蛋白分离量最大,分离量为10.336 g/kg沸石。同组空白试验所分离出的醇溶蛋白为4.730 g/kg沸石,分离最大量相较于空白试验分离量多出5.606 g/kg沸石。根据紫外最大波长分析,醇溶蛋白及其组分的最大紫外吸收波长均在288.4 nm附近。柱层析第1组分主要成分是低分子量醇溶谷蛋白,第2组分主要成分是高低分子醇溶谷蛋白和α-、β-、γ-、ω-醇溶蛋白,第3组分主要成分为低分子量醇溶谷蛋白。结论：温度对醇溶蛋白凝沉速率影响很大,沸石改性可提高所分离醇溶蛋白量,且分离量与KOH溶液质量分数及改性时间密切相关。     

Dispersion in the Presence of Acetic Acid or Ammonia Confers Gliadin‐Like Characteristics to the Glutenin in Wheat Gluten

Spray‐dried gluten has unique properties and is commercially available in the food industry worldwide. In this study, we examined the viscoelastic properties of gluten powder prepared by dispersion in the presence of acetic acid or an ammonia solvent and then followed by lyophilization instead of a spray drying. Mixograph measurements showed that the acid‐ and ammonia‐treated gluten powders had marked decreases in the time to peak dough resistance when compared with the control gluten powder. The integrals of the dough resistance and bandwidth for 3 min after peak dough resistance decreased in both treated gluten powders. Similar phenomena were observed when gliadin was supplemented to gluten powders. Basic and acidic conditions were applied to the acid‐ and ammonia‐treated gluten powders, respectively, and the viscoelastic behaviors were found to depend on the pH in the gluten dispersion just before lyophilization. These behaviors suggest that gluten may assume a reversible change in viscoelasticity by a fluctuation in pH during gluten dispersion. SDS‐PAGE showed that the extractable proteins substantially increased in some polymeric glutenins including the low molecular weight‐glutenin subunit (LMW‐GS) when the ammonia‐treated gluten powder was extracted with 70% ethanol. In contrast, the extractable proteins markedly increased in many polymeric glutenins including the high molecular weight‐glutenin subunit and/or the LMW‐GS when the acid‐treated gluten powder was extracted with 70% ethanol. It thus follows that the extractability of polymeric glutenin to ethanol increases similarly to gliadin when gluten is exposed to an acidic or a basic pH condition; therefore, glutenin adopts gliadin‐like characteristics.     

小麦蛋白质酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法研究

研究了缓冲液种类、离子强度、慢离子浓度、缓冲液ｐＨ、凝胶浓度等因素对小麦蛋白质ＰＡＧＥ分离效果的影响，采用Ｌ１６（４１×２１２）正交表进行条件的优化。所建立的小麦蛋白质柠檬酸盐ＰＡＧＥ方法，具有分辨效率高、稳定的特点。可通过改变胶浓度实现醇溶蛋白全组分和小麦清蛋白、球蛋白的分离研究。同时，不同的小麦品种间各类蛋白所表现出的差异大，因而，此法也可用于小麦品种鉴定和遗传研究。     

花青素与小麦蛋白相互作用及对蛋白质结构的影响

利用荧光光谱法和傅里叶变换红外光谱法,研究中性条件下黑豆皮中的花青素（矢车菊素-3-O-葡糖苷（cyanidin-3-O-glucoside,C3G））与小麦蛋白麦醇溶蛋白（gliadin,Gli）及麦谷蛋白（glutenin,Glu）的相互作用。荧光结果表明：C3G对Gli、Glu均有较强的荧光猝灭作用,对Glu的荧光猝灭机制属于静态猝灭,而与Gli的猝灭方式为动态猝灭和静态猝灭的结合,C3G与Gli和Glu的结合常数（KA）分别为20.827×104、14.690×104 L/mol,结合位点（n）分别为1.263和1.159（298 K）,说明与Gli作用较强。热力学研究表明：C3G与Gli主要通过疏水作用结合;与Glu作用主要通过范德华力和氢键作用结合。同步荧光光谱分析表明：C3G与Gli的结合位点更接近色氨酸残基,而与Glu的结合位点更接近酪氨酸残基。傅里叶变换红外光谱表明：C3G能够与Gli、Glu结合并相互作用,使蛋白构象发生变化。     

高粱醇溶蛋白提取工艺及其功能特性研究

通过单因素和响应面试验,研究超声辅助酶法制备高粱醇溶蛋白的最佳条件;以高粱醇溶蛋白为原料,研究静置时间、温度对醇溶蛋白持油性和持水性的影响。结果表明,超声辅助酶法制备高粱醇溶蛋白的最佳条件为:加酶量1%,酶作用时间3h,超声波作用时间19 min,乙醇浓度60%,该条件下蛋白提取率为(7.19±0.36)%;在温度35℃、静置时间40min条件下时,高粱醇溶蛋白持油性和持水性最大,分别为(2.84±0.15),(2.78±0.09)g/g。