Iodine from brown algae in human nutrition,with an emphasis on bioaccessibility,bioavailability, chemistry,and effects of processing: A systematic review

Brown algae are becoming increasingly popular as a food source and dietary supplement in Europe and other Western countries. As they are highly rich in iodine, they represent a potential new dietary iodine source. Iodine deficiency has been re-emerging in Europe, and it is important to ensure adequate intake through one's diet. However, macroalgae, and especially brown algae, may contain very high amounts of iodine, and both iodine deficiency and excessive iodine may increase the risk of negative health effects. The iodine content of algae or foods containing algae is currently not regulated in the European Union. The aim of this paper is to review the literature to determine the chemical species of iodine in brown algae, the loss of iodine during processing, and the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of iodine. A systematic search of the literature was performed in April 2021, via the databases Web of Science and PubMed. The review includes studies of iodine in brown macroalgae in relation to bioavailability, bioaccessibility, processing and speciation. A meta-analysis was conducted in relation to the following topics: (i) the correlation between total iodine and iodide (I^–) content in brown algae; (ii) the correlation between the loss of iodine during processing and the I^– content; and (iii) the correlation between bioavailability and the I^– content. The bioavailability of iodine from brown algae was generally high, with in vivo bioavailability ranging from 31% to 90%. The in vitro bioavailability of iodine (2%–28%) was systematically lower than in vivo bioavailability (31%–90%), indicating an inadequate in vitro methodology. Processing may reduce the iodine content of brown algae, and a higher I^– content was positively correlated with increased iodine loss during processing. Although processing strategies may reduce the iodine content of brown algae significantly, the iodine content may still be high after processing. These findings may be used in food safety evaluations of brown algae as well as in the development of macroalgae-containing foods with iodine contents suitable for human consumption. Further research on processing techniques to reduce the iodine content in brown macroalgae are warranted.     

富硒低钠盐中碘含量的测定

目的探讨富硒低钠加碘盐中碘含量的测定方法。方法通过不同的实验条件,优化国标GB/T13025.7-2012《制盐工业通用试验方法碘的测定》中氧化还原滴定法中的试剂用量,检测出富硒低钠加碘盐中的碘含量。结果改变碘化钾溶液量、淀粉溶液量、磷酸-草酸溶液量均无法测定富硒低钠盐中的碘含量;只有当次氯酸钠溶液用量≥5mL时,加入碘化钾溶液,才可以使富硒低钠加碘盐溶液显色,然后通过实验确定次氯酸钠的最佳用量,再滴定测定碘含量。结论富硒低钠加碘盐中含有还原性物质,测定其碘含量需加大次氯酸钠溶液的用量。     

Chemical reaction kinetics dataset of Cs-I-B-Mo-O-H system for evaluation of fission product chemistry under LWR severe accident conditions

In order to improve LWR source term under severe accident conditions, the first version of a fission product chemistry database named ‘ECUME’ was developed. The ECUME is intended to include several datasets of major chemical reactions and their effective kinetic constants for representative severe accident sequences. It is expected that the ECUME can serve as a fundamental basis from which fission product chemical models can be elaborated for use in the severe accident analysis codes. The implemented chemical reactions in the first version were those for representative gas species in Cs-I-B-Mo-O-H system from 300 to 3000 K. The chemical reaction kinetic constants were evaluated from either literature data or calculated values using ab-initio calculations. The sample chemical reaction calculation using the presently constructed dataset showed meaningful kinetics effects at 1000 K. Comparison of the chemical equilibrium compositions by using the dataset with those by chemical equilibrium calculations has shown rather good consistency for the representative Cs-I-B-Mo-O-H species. From these results, it was concluded that the present dataset should be useful to evaluate fission product chemistry in Cs-I-B-Mo-O-H system under LWR severe accident conditions, where kinetics effects should be considered.     

两种体系核空气净化系统性能评价试验方法的融合应用

国内开展核空气净化系统性能评价的行业标准是在参考美国、法国两种体系标准的基础上,结合国内的工程实践经验起草的;实际应用中,一般情况下只是采用单一体系内的试验方法开展性能评价试验;本工作结合应用实践提出,将两种标准体系的试验方法灵活地进行融合应用或互相补充,可更好地适应核设施核空气净化系统的特征,对核设施管理的要求和对人员防护的需要等都是必要的和可行的。     

Energy and exergy analyses of a novel sulfur–iodine cycle assembled with HI–I2–H2O electrolysis for hydrogen production

A novel sulfur–iodine (SI or IS) cycle integrated with HI–I₂–H₂O electrolysis for hydrogen production was developed and thermodynamically analyzed in this work. HI–I₂–H₂O electrolysis was used to replace the conventional concentration, distillation, and decomposition processes of HI, so as to simplify the flowsheet of SI cycle. And then the new cycle was divided into Bunsen reaction, H₂SO₄ decomposition and HI–I₂–H₂O electrolysis sections. Through incorporating the user-defined module of HI–I₂–H₂O electrolysis with Aspen Plus, the cycle was simulated and 0.448 mol/h (10 L/h) of H₂ was produced. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the novel SI system were estimated to be 15.3–31.0% and 32.8%, respectively. Most exergy destruction occurred in the H₂SO₄ decomposer and condenser for H₂SO₄ decomposition and Bunsen reaction sections, which accounted for 93.0% and 63.4%, respectively. A high exergy efficiency of 92.4% for HI–I₂–H₂O electrolysis section with less exergy destruction was determined, mostly due to the transformation of the overall electricity in electrolytic cell to exergy. Appropriate internal heat exchange and waste heat recovery will favor improving the energy and exergy efficiencies.     

Reverse iodine transfer polymerization of vinyl acetate and vinyl benzoate: synthesis and characterization of homo‐ and copolymers

Homo‐ and copolymers of vinyl esters including vinyl acetate (VAc) and vinyl benzoate (VBz) were synthesized via the reverse iodine transfer radical polymerization technique. Polymerization was carried out in the presence of iodine as the in situ generator of the transfer agent and 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) as the initiator at 70 °C. Reverse iodine transfer radical homopolymerization of VAc and VBz led to conversions of 76 and 57%, number‐average molecular weights of 8266 and 9814 g mol^?1 and molecular weight distributions of 1.58 and 1.49, respectively. The microstructure of the synthesized polymers was investigated in detail using gel permeation chromatography, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and distortionless enhancement of polarization transfer (135° decoupler pulse) techniques. Relatively narrow molecular weight distribution and controlled and predictable trend of molecular weight versus conversion were observed for the synthesized polymers, showing that reverse iodine transfer radical homo‐ and copolymerization of VAc and VBz proceeded with controlled characteristics. Results of molecular weight and its distribution along with the ¹H NMR spectra recorded for homo‐ and copolymers indicated that side reactions can occur during the course of polymerization with a significant contribution when VAc, even in a small amount, was present in the reaction mixture. This can result in polymer chains with aldehyde dead end and broadening of the molecular weight distribution. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

靶向CD93分子探针制备及其生物学实验研究

CD93分子作为一种新型新生血管生成激活剂,有可能成为肿瘤监测的重要分子靶点,因此制备125I标记抗CD93单抗(125I-anti-CD93 mAb),研究其在荷瘤鼠体内生物学分布及磷屏显像特点,探讨其对A549肺癌靶向性及CD93阳性肿瘤监测的可行性。本文制备125I-anti-CD93 mAb及125I-IgG并进行鉴定;建立A549肺癌荷瘤小鼠模型,经尾静脉注射125I标记抗CD93单抗,并设125I-IgG为对照组,注药后不同时间进行生物学分布及磷屏放射自显影;肿瘤组织行HE染色及CD93免疫组织化学染色;采用统计软件对定量数据(x+s)进行统计学处理,组间数据用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果表明,125I-anti-CD93 mAb及125I-IgG标记率、放射性比活度、放化纯度分别为91.37%和90.24%,1096.44 MBq/mg和1082.88 MBq/mg,96.49%和94.82%,放置72 h后两标记物的稳定性仍>90%,两者间无统计学差异(生理盐水组P=0.93,t=0.09,血清组P=0.13,t=1.90)。荷瘤鼠生物学分布结果显示125I-anti-CD93 mAb主要经肝肾代谢,注射后48 h时肿瘤组织放射性摄取率为(6.42±0.71)%ID/g,T/NT(瘤/对侧肌肉)摄取比值为4.45±0.86,显著高于对照组125I-IgG组(2.45±0.33/1.71±0.24),P<0.05,t=3.07和P<0.01,t=5.10。动态全身磷屏自显影结果可见,24 h两组小鼠轮廓清楚,48 h时实验组肿瘤显像最清晰,肿瘤放射性摄取比(肿瘤/对侧肌肉)为3.34±0.18,明显高于对照组(1.62±0.19),P<0.01,t=6.52。免疫组化染色结果证实肿瘤高表达CD93。125I-anti-CD93 mAb制备简便,对A549肺癌组织靶向性好,有望成为CD93阳性肿瘤监测的新型分子探针。     

Materials resistance to corrosion by I2–HI–H2O mixtures for the realization of a sulfur-iodine plant

The substances involved in the sulfur-iodine (SI) thermochemical cycle to produce H₂ by water splitting are very corrosive and may attack reactors, pumps, catalysts supports, and whatever part of the plant. This paper investigates the corrosion exerted by HI solutions in liquid, boiling, and gaseous phase at different temperatures. It shows the broadest overview of the behavior of different materials, ranging from pure metals to metallic alloys, from carbon materials to organic polymers, from ceramic materials to composite ones. Commercial nickel alloys and the effect of a specific element in their composition have here considerable attention. Regarding the composites materials, the impact of the substrate as well as the coating nature and thickness is studied, also through SEM-EDS (Scan Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) investigations.Carbon materials performed well, while most of the analyzed materials showed intergranular corrosion, pitting phenomena, and sometimes, carbide precipitation in the higher energy zones.     

Modeling and validation of the iodine‐sulfur hydrogen production process

The iodine‐sulfur thermochemical water‐splitting cycle (I‐S process) is one of the highly efficient, CO₂‐free, massive hydrogen production methods. We simulated the I‐S process through commercial software programs Aspen Plus and OLI database with the aid of self‐developed models to analyze the overall running status of the process and to decrease the investment and time consumption of experiments. A two‐phase separator model operating at 353 K and an electro‐electrodialysis (EED) cell model working at 338 K were built on the basis of experimental data. The entire flow sheet of the I‐S process was modeled based on the two self‐developed models. The simulation models were validated through the experimental results obtained from the closed cycle I‐S facility (IS‐10) in our laboratory. By employing the simulation program, sensitivity analyses of the important parameters in the process were carried out, including the ratio of the distillate to the feed rate of the H₂SO₄ distillation column, reflux ratio of the H₂SO₄ column, H₂SO₄ conversion ratio, HI molality in the EED cathode outlet stream, and HI mole fraction in the liquid and vapor distillates of the HI distillation column. The key parameters significantly affecting the input duty were determined; that is, the ratio of the distillate to the feed rate of the H₂SO₄ distillation column and the HI molality in the EED cathode outlet stream. The optimal values of the analyzed parameters were also discussed. The simulation program we developed is a useful tool that can evaluate and optimize the I‐S process. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 546–558, 2014     

二次盐水中碘离子测定方法的探讨

建立了二次精制盐水中的碘离子测定方法,《制盐工业通用试验方法碘离子的测定》的直接滴定法,经改进后在二次盐水中碘离子测定上是一种新尝试。