催化剂级配在加氢裂化装置中的应用

采用催化剂级配技术,对中国石油四川石化有限责任公司2.7 Mt/a加氢裂化装置的两个反应器进行改造;并对调整原料性质及操作条件(尽量接近于第一周期标定工况数据)后的第二周期应用情况进行了催化剂活性、产品分布、产品质量、操作安全性等对比分析。实验结果表明,通过催化剂活性级配和加氢选择性级配,实现了多环芳烃的进一步转化,最大程度保留链烷烃在尾油组分中,与第一周期相比,喷气燃料烟点提高3.0 mm,尾油芳烃指数降低6.5个单位;第二周期转化率(282℃)控制在79%、尾油切割点为252℃工况下,重石脑油与喷气燃料总收率可达60.9%,实现多产重石脑油与喷气燃料的目标;降低了反应器压降和循环氢压缩机的能耗,节约了投资成本。     

某型柴油机排烟温度异常故障排查与分析

针对某油船主推进柴油机排烟温度异常升高的故障,从引起柴油机排烟温度异常升高的可能因素着手进行排查.结果表明:排烟波纹管内衬套开裂脱落,堵塞排烟管是导致排烟温度异常升高的直接原因.指出:案例中的这个因素虽比较少见,但还是有迹可循;可为船舶柴油机的使用管理与维修实践提供一定借鉴.     

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during pregnancy and infancy increased the risk of upper respiratory tract infections in infants: A birth cohort study in Wuhan,China

We aimed to evaluate the association of the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during pregnancy and infancy with the risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in infants based on a Chinese birth cohort study. Among 4178 infants who constituted the final study population, 46.8% experienced URTI in their first year of life. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the risk of URTI were assessed using Cox regression models. Compared with no ETS during pregnancy, continued ETS during pregnancy was independently associated with a higher risk of URTI (HR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.63) after adjustment for potential confounders and also associated with earlier occurrence of URTI (log-rank P = .002). The association remained consistent across the strata defined according to maternal age, number of siblings, sex, and breastfeeding. Exposure to ETS during infancy was associated with URTI only among infants who were breastfed for less than 12 months (P for interaction < 0.05).Furthermore, infants exposed to ETS during both pregnancy and infancy showed the highest HR of 1.46 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.85) for URTI. Efforts should be made to protect pregnant women and infants from the adverse effects of indoor and outdoor ETS.     

催化裂化烟气湿法脱硫除尘装置运行情况分析

主要介绍了催化裂化烟气净化（湿法脱硫除尘）项目在中海油惠州石化有限公司1.2 Mt/a催化裂化装置上的运行情况。项目运行效果达到设计指标要求，主要包括污染物排放、能耗和连续排放监测系统指标等。但运行过程中出现外排水悬浮物浓度波动和烟气蓝烟拖尾现象，经过原因分析，通过流程优化、三剂使用和操作调整解决了问题，保证了项目的平稳运行。     

抑烟除味剂对SMA-13沥青混合料路用性能影响评价

选用SMA-13级配,通过添加抑烟除味剂来改善热拌沥青施工环境,研究其对沥青及其混合料性能影响,并评价了抑烟除味剂对于沥青烟的降解效果。结果表明,抑烟除味剂的添加降低了施工、拌和温度并且减少了烟气的排放,同时其沥青及混合料的路用性能均满足热拌沥青混合料相关规范要求。     

Assessing smoke toxicity of burning combustibles by four expressions for fractional effective dose

Toxicity of smoke generated in a fire is difficult to measure accurately. That is because gas sensors for measuring rapidly varying concentrations of toxic gases are not yet developed. Simple expressions are searched for quick measurement in assessing smoke toxicity practically. Four equations on calculating fractional effective dose (FED) related to toxic effluents were reported in the literature, each based on different assumptions. FED value was proposed to be calculated based on peak carbon monoxide concentration and peak carbon dioxide concentration, and transient carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations. The four values were compared in this article using literature data on toxic gases from different materials measured by (i) cone calorimeter; (ii) full-scale burning tests; and (iii) tunnel full-scale tests. Measured carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations by standard equipment of oxygen consumption calorimeters were used to calculate the four FED values. It is found that the values of FED based on peak carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide concentrations (denoted as FED₂) are similar to the average values of FED calculated from the updated equation in the literature using the oxygen consumption calorimeters. Putting the values of FED₂ in fire safety design guides is then recommended.     

New approaches to determine the interface height of fire smoke based on a three-layer zone model and its verification in large confined space

Large confined space has high incidence of fires, which seriously threatens the safety of people working there. Understanding the distribution of smoke in such large space is critical to fire development prediction and smoke control. Three improved methods for the stratification interface prediction of fire smoke are developed, including of improved intra-variance, integral ratio and N-percentage methods. In these methods, the interface height is determined by the vertical temperature distribution based on a three-layer smoke zone model, which is an improvement of a two-layer zone model. Thereafter, the three improved methods are applied to several typical fire cases simulated CFD to predict the smoke interface, and their applicability and reliability are verified by comparison of the smoke stratification results with the filed simulation results. Results show that the three improved methods can effectively determine the location of the three-layer zone model's interface, and they have the ability to predict smoke interface for fires with different fire source types and ventilation conditions.     

Experimental study on the effect of lateral concentrated smoke extraction on smoke stratification in the longitudinal ventilated tunnel

Smoke is the main cause of death in tunnel fires. It is one of the important measures to maintain smoke stratification in the early stage of tunnel fire. This article focused on experimentally studying the combined effect of lateral concentrated smoke extraction and longitudinal ventilation on the smoke stratification, which never be revealed before. The velocity of the smoke layer and air layer, vertical temperature distribution, and the flow patterns of the smoke were measured. It was found that the longitudinal ventilation and lateral concentrated smoke extraction would affect the flow of the smoke and change the shear velocity between the smoke layer and air layer, then, the patterns of the smoke layer will be affected. And the flow patterns with Froude (Fr) number can be classified into three categories: (a)Fr < 0.6 , with stable smoke stratification; (b) 0.6 < Fr < 0.85 , with a stable smoke stratification but the blurring interface; and (c) Fr > 0.85 , the smoke layer is completely unstable. The result can provide a reference for ventilation design of immersed tube tunnels.     

卷烟烟气在模拟口腔环境中pH值的测定

针对卷烟烟气酸碱性评价提出了在模拟口腔环境中检测卷烟烟气pH值的方法,采用剑桥滤片收集卷烟主流烟气总粒相物,用模拟口腔溶液震荡萃取滤片,pH复合电极测定萃取溶液的pH值,建立了检测卷烟主流烟气酸碱性的方法。将测定结果与卷烟主流烟气常规成分含量和卷烟评吸结果进行简单相关分析。结果表明:①主流烟气pH值与卷烟烟气总粒相物、焦油、烟气烟碱、烟气水分均具有较高的相关性,与卷烟抽吸口数基本不存在相关性;②主流烟气的pH值与卷烟的烟气特性(烟气浓度、丰富性)、口味风格(甜味、苦味)、舒适感特性(刺激感、收敛、残留/干燥感)得分呈显著相关关系,与卷烟的口味风格—酸性相关性不强。